(dose AND vaccine efficacy) OR (dose AND vaccine probability)

1. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of intradermal rabies immunization with DebioJect™.

• Antigen DOSEs for both intradermal routes were 1/5 of the DOSE for IM

2. Potent immune responses induced by a salmonella ghost delivery system that expresses the recombinant stx2eb, fedf, and feda proteins of the escherichia coli-producing f18 and shiga toxin in a murine model and evaluation of its protective effect as a porcine vaccine candidate.

• Subsequently, the immunized mice showed significant protection efficacy against a lethal DOSE 50 of a virulent strain, resulting in approximately 85% and 92% survival rates in mice with a single- and double-DOSE immunization, respectively compared to only 40% of the non-immunized controls

3. Results of a Phase Ib Trial of Combination Immunotherapy with a CD8+ T Cell Eliciting Vaccine and Trastuzumab in Breast Cancer Patients.

• This study was designed as a DOSE-escalation trial enrolling clinically disease-free, human leukocyte antigen A2+ or A3+ , human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer patients
• There were no DOSE-limiting or grade 3-5 local or systemic toxicities, and the median LVEF was unchanged from baseline after vaccination
• Based on safety and immunologic data, the appropriate DOSE was determined to be 1000 μg of GP2 + 250 μg of GM-CSF

4. Protective immunity of grass carp induced by DNA vaccine encoding capsid protein gene (vp7) of grass carp reovirus using bacterial ghost as delivery vehicles.

• The immune responses and disease resistance of grass carp were assessed in different groups, and results indicated that the antibody levels, serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity and immune-related genes were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 vaccine (DNA DOSE ranged from 2.5 to 5 μg)
• In addition, the relative percentage survival were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 vaccine and the relative percentage survival reached to 90% in DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 group than that of naked pcDNA-vp7 (42.22%) at the highest DNA DOSE (5 μg) after 14 days of post infection

5. A Single Dose Recombinant PIV5 Expressing Respiratory Syncytial Virus F and G Proteins Protected Cotton Rats and African Green Monkeys from RSV Challenge.

• In cotton rats, the vaccines elicited RSV F or G specific serum antibodies, and conferred complete lung protection against RSV challenge at DOSEs as low as 10(3) plaque forming units (PFU)
• PIV5/F provided near complete protection against RSV infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts at a DOSE of 10(6) PFU of vaccine
• At the same DOSE levels, PIV5/G was less efficacious
• In both species, a single DOSE of intranasal immunization with PIV5 vectored vaccines was able to produce systemic and local immunities, and protect animals from RSV challenge

6. Receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV with optimal immunogen dosage and immunization interval protects human transgenic mice from MERS-CoV infection.

• Compared with one DOSE and 2 DOSEs at 1-, 2-, and 3-week intervals, a regimen of 2 DOSEs of this protein separated by an interval of 4 weeks induced the strongest antibody response and neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV infection, and maintained at a high level during the detection period

7. Glycyrrhiza uralensis water extract enhances dendritic cell maturation and antitumor efficacy of HPV dendritic cell-based vaccine.

• We observed that GUWE DOSE-dependently promoted DC maturation and cytokine secretion through TLR4 signaling pathway

8. Alum adjuvanted rabies DNA vaccine confers 80% protection against lethal 50 LD50 rabies challenge virus standard strain.

• The vaccine showed no observable toxicity at the site of injection as well as at systemic level in Wistar rats when administered with 10X recommended DOSE

9. Phase 1 study of OCV-C02, a peptide vaccine consisting of two peptide epitopes for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.

• The primary endpoint was any occurrence of DOSE limiting toxicity (DLT) during Cycle 1

10. Co-administration of recombinant major envelope proteins (rA27L and rH3L) of buffalopox virus provides enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models.

• A combined recombinant subunit vaccine comprising rA27L and rH3L antigens (10 μg of each) was used for active immunization of adult mice (20μg/DOSE/mice) with or without adjuvant (FCA/FIA) by intramuscular route

11. A Neonatal Murine Model of Coxsackievirus A6 Infection for Evaluation of Antiviral and Vaccine Efficacy.

• Neonatal mice were susceptible to CVA6 infection via intramuscular inoculation and the susceptibility of mice to CVA6 infection was age- and DOSE-dependent

12. Predictors of correct technique in patients using pressurized metered dose inhalers.

• The objective of the study is to determine real life predictors of correct pressurized metered DOSE inhaler (pMDI) technique in Asthma and COPD patients

13. Exploiting virus-like particles as innovative vaccines against emerging viral infections.

• Vaccination remains an effective tool to reduce this threat, and yet, the conventional cell culture often fails to produce sufficient vaccine DOSE

14. Adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine vectors trigger IL-27-dependent inhibitory CD4(+) T cell responses that impair CD8(+) T cell function.

• Here we demonstrate that, following immunization of B6 mice, Ad5 vectors elicit antigen-specific IL-10(+)CD4(+) T cells with a distinct transcriptional profile in a DOSE-dependent fashion

15. Efficacy of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine against the 2010 isolate of Vietnamese highly pathogenic PRRSV challenge in pigs.

• Twenty-five 4-week-old SPF pigs were divided into three groups as follows: pigs vaccinated with a single DOSE of the vaccine (Group 1, n=10), unvaccinated pigs (Group 2, n=10) and unvaccinated and non-infectious control pigs (Group 3, n=5)
• Four weeks later, Groups 1 and 2 were challenged with a 1 ml inoculum containing 1 × 10(5.5) 50% tissue culture infectious DOSE (TCID50)/ml of a Vietnamese HP-PRRS virus isolated in 2010 via the intranasal route

16. Safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary clinical efficacy of a vaccine against extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b trial.

• Between Jan 20, 2014, and Aug 27, 2014, 93 women received target-DOSE ExPEC4V and 95 received placebo
• Overall, 56 (60%) target-DOSE vaccines and 47 (49%) placebo recipients experienced at least one adverse event that was possibly, probably, or certainly related to injection

17. Attenuated PfSPZ Vaccine induces strain-transcending T cells and durable protection against heterologous controlled human malaria infection.

• Here, we conducted an open-label trial with PfSPZ Vaccine at a DOSE of 9.0 × 10(5) PfSPZ administered i.v
• Ongoing studies will determine whether protective efficacy can be enhanced by additional alterations in the vaccine DOSE and number of immunizations.

18. Safety and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum via direct venous inoculation in healthy malaria-exposed adults in Mali: a randomised, double-blind phase 1 trial.

• After an open-label DOSE-escalation study in a pilot safety cohort, we did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial based in Donéguébougou and surrounding villages in Mali
• We recruited 18-35-year-old healthy adults who were randomly assigned (1:1) in a double-blind manner, with stratification by village and block randomisation, to receive either five DOSEs of 2·7 × 10(5) PfSPZ or normal saline at days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 140 during the dry season (January to July inclusive)
• Participants received combined artemether and lumefantrine (four tablets, each containing 20 mg artemether and 120 mg lumefantrine, given twice per day over 3 days for a total of six DOSEs) to eliminate P falciparum before the first and last vaccinations
• The safety analysis included all participants who received at least one DOSE of investigational product, whereas the efficacy analyses included only participants who received all five vaccinations

19. [Adult immunisation: General points, hot topics and perspectives].

• In addition, from the age of 65, annual influenza vaccination as well as one DOSE of a live attenuated shingles vaccine between 64 and 75 years are recommended

20. Protective antibodies against Clostridium difficile are present in intravenous immunoglobulin and are retained in humans following its administration.

• Contradictory results may be attributed to a lack of consensus regarding optimal DOSE, timing of administration and patient selection as well as variability in specific antibody content between commercial preparations

21. Plant-based vaccines for oral delivery of type 1 diabetes-related autoantigens: Evaluating oral tolerance mechanisms and disease prevention in NOD mice.

• Early preclinical experiments using the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model reported mucosal administration of T1D-related autoantigens [proinsulin or glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD)] delayed T1D onset, but published data are conflicting regarding DOSE, treatment duration, requirement for combinatorial agents, and extent of efficacy
• We used transplastomic plants expressing proinsulin and GAD to protect the autoantigens from degradation in an oral vaccine and tested the optimal combination, DOSE, and treatment duration for the prevention of T1D in NOD mice

22. The Potential Cost Effectiveness of Different Dengue Vaccination Programmes in Malaysia: A Value-Based Pricing Assessment Using Dynamic Transmission Mathematical Modelling.

• Six vaccination programmes employing a three-DOSE schedule were identified as the most likely programmes to be implemented

23. A retrospective study of hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission prevention and postvaccination serological test results of infants at risk of perinatal transmission in two counties of middle China.

• All infants received three DOSEs of the hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) and the postvaccination serological test (PVST) showed that the appropriate interval for PVST may be 1-8 months after the final HepB DOSE
• Multivariable analysis showed that infants without a timely first and second DOSE of the HepB, with an HBeAg-positive mother and mothers who had not received hepatitis B immune globulin during pregnancy were implicated in MTCT
• The first is to optimize the screening method for the mother to allow HBeAg and HBsAg-positive mothers to receive medical treatment during pregnancy and a timely birth DOSE of the vaccine to all infants
• Second, all infants with an HBsAg-positive mother should be tested for anti-HBs and HBsAg at 7-14 months old and any anti-HBs-nonresponse infants should receive an additional three DOSEsof the vaccine.

24. Sterile protection against human malaria by chemoattenuated PfSPZ vaccine.

• Three DOSEs of 5.12 × 10(4) PfSPZ of PfSPZ Challenge at 28-day intervals were well tolerated and safe, and prevented infection in 9 out of 9 (100%) volunteers who underwent controlled human malaria infection ten weeks after the last DOSE (group III)
• Protective efficacy was dependent on DOSE and regimen
• Three DOSEs of 5.12 × 10(4) PfSPZ at five-day intervals protected 5 out of 8 (63%) volunteers
• PfSPZ-CVac is a highly efficacious vaccine candidate; when we are able to optimize the immunization regimen (DOSE, interval between DOSEs, and drug partner), this vaccine could be used for combination mass drug administration and a mass vaccination program approach to eliminate malaria from geographically defined areas.

25. Bactericidal activity of sera from adolescents vaccinated with bivalent rLP2086 against meningococcal serogroup B outbreak strains from France.

• RRs increased for all isolates after each vaccine DOSE
• After two DOSEs, RRs ranged from 40% to 93%
• After DOSE 3, RRs were ⩾73% for all isolates (range, 73%-100%)

26. Transgenic papaya: a useful platform for oral vaccines.

• The previously demonstrated protective immunogenic efficacy of S3Pvac-papaya orally administered to mice is herein confirmed in a wider DOSE-range and formulated with different delivery vehicles, adequate for oral vaccination
• A significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte proliferation was induced in vitro by each vaccine peptide in mice immunized with the lowest DOSE of S3Pvac papaya (0.56 ng of the three peptides in 0.1 µg of papaya callus total protein per mouse)
• In pigs, the obliged intermediate host for Taenia solium, S3Pvac papaya was also immunogenic when orally administered in a two-log DOSE range

27. A randomized phase II trial of personalized peptide vaccine with low dose cyclophosphamide in biliary tract cancer.

• In the current study, we conducted an open-label randomized phase II study to test whether low DOSE cyclophosphamide (CPA) could improve antigen-specific immune responses and clinical efficacy of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) in 49 previously treated aBTC patients
• Patients with aBTC refractory to at least one regimen of chemotherapies were randomly assigned to receive PPV with low DOSE CPA (100 mg/ day for 7 days before vaccination) (PPV/CPA, n=24) or PPV alone (n=25)
• These results suggested that combined treatment with low DOSE CPA could provide clinical benefits in aBTC patients under PPV, possibly through prevention of IL-6-mediated immune suppression

28. Evaluation of recombinant protein superoxide dismutase of Haemophilus parasuis strain SH0165 as vaccine candidate in a mouse model.

• parasuis subunit vaccine SOD and determined the protective efficacy of SOD using a lethal DOSE challenge against H
• The results demonstrated that SOD could induce a strong humoral immune response in mice and provide significant immunoprotection efficacy against a lethal DOSE of H
• This is the first report that immunization of mice with SOD protein could provide protective effect against a lethal DOSE of H

29. The Effect of Oral Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG on the Development of Tuberculosis in Captive European Badgers (Meles meles).

• To reduce the cost of an oral vaccine and reduce the potential for environmental contamination with BCG, it is necessary to define the minimal efficacious DOSE of oral BCG for badgers
• The objectives of the two studies reported here were to compare the efficacy of BCG Danish strain in a lipid matrix with unformulated BCG given orally, and to evaluate the efficacy of BCG Danish in a lipid matrix at a 10-fold lower DOSE than previously evaluated in badgers
• In the second study, vaccination with BCG in the lipid matrix at a 10-fold lower DOSE produced a similar outcome, but with greater intra-group variability than seen with the higher DOSE in the first study
• Further research is needed before we are able to recommend a final DOSE of BCG for oral vaccination of badgers against TB or to know whether oral vaccination of wild badgers with BCG will significantly reduce transmission of the disease.

30. Exploratory efficacy endpoints in the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults (CAPiTA).

• This was a parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial comparing single-DOSE PCV13 with placebo

31. PaxVax CVD 103-HgR single-dose live oral cholera vaccine.

• Oral vaccines containing inactivated Vibrio cholerae and requiring two DOSEs are available in some countries
• Areas covered: Enduring protection following wild-type cholera provided the rationale to develop a single-DOSE live oral vaccine
• Since 90% vaccine efficacy is evident 10 days post-ingestion of a single DOSE, CVD 103-HgR can rapidly protect travelers
• Expert commentary: Next steps include evaluations in children, post-licensure safety and effectiveness monitoring, diminishing cold chain constraints, optimizing a 'high-DOSE' formulation for developing countries, and diminishing/eliminating the need for water to administer a DOSE.

32. Development of a single-dose recombinant CAMP factor entrapping poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres-based vaccine against Streptococcus agalactiae.

• The aims of the present study were to: (1) develop a single-DOSE vaccine against S
• The CAMP factor was tested to determine a safe DOSE range and then encapsulated in MS of PLGA (50:50) to assess its release pattern in vitro and immune reaction in vivo
• Furthermore, the slow-release kinetics of PLGA MS warranted optimism for development of a single-DOSE vaccine.

33. Rational design and efficacy of a multi-epitope recombinant protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A in pigs.

• A vaccine potency test showed that the CpG-adjuvanted A8 vaccine contained a 10.81 protective DOSE 50% (PD50) per DOSE for pigs, suggesting the potential for this vaccine to be used in emergency vaccination campaigns for the prevention of FMDV serotype A infection in pigs.

34. Efficacy assessment of an inactivated Tembusu virus vaccine candidate in ducks.

• Two DOSEs of vaccine provided efficient protection against the virus challenge to avoid the egg production drop in laying ducks
• An ELISA demonstrated that 97% (39/40) of ducks seroconverted on day 21 after one DOSE of the inactivated vaccine and that significant increases in antibody titers against the virus were induced after the second immunization
• For table ducks, a single DOSE of vaccine immunization resulted in a protection index of 87% and significant reduction of viral loads in tissues

35. A randomized placebo-controlled phase II study of a Pseudomonas vaccine in ventilated ICU patients.

• In the absence of any difference in immune response following administration of 100 μg IC43 without adjuvant compared with 200 μg IC43 with adjuvant, the 100 μg DOSE without adjuvant was considered for further testing of its possible benefit of improved outcomes

36. Safety and immunogenicity of GamEvac-Combi, a heterologous VSV- and Ad5-vectored Ebola vaccine: An open phase I/II trial in healthy adults in Russia.

• In this open-label, DOSE-escalation clinical trial, we assessed the safety, side effects, and immunogenicity of a novel, heterologous prime-boost vaccine against Ebola, which was administered in 2 DOSEs to 84 healthy adults of both sexes between 18 and 55 years
• Antigen-specific IgG geometric mean titer at day 42 was 3,277 (95 % confidence interval 2,401-4,473) in volunteers immunized at full DOSE
• Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 93.1 % of volunteers immunized at full DOSE, with geometric mean titer 20
• Antigen-specific response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also detected in 100 % of participants, as well as in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in 82.8 % and 58.6 % of participants vaccinated at full DOSE, respectively

37. Recombinant Isfahan virus and vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vectors provide durable, multivalent, single dose protection against lethal alphavirus challenge.

• A single DOSE of the rISFV vaccine vectors elicited neutralizing antibody responses and protected mice from lethal VEEV and EEEV challenge at one month post-vaccination as well as lethal VEEV challenge at eight months post-vaccination
• A mixture of rISFV vectors expressing VEEV and EEEV E2/E1 glycoproteins also provided durable, single-DOSE protection from lethal VEEV and EEEV challenge, demonstrating the potential for a multivalent vaccine formulation

38. Targeting Vaccine-induced Extrafollicular Pathway of B cell Differentiation Improves Rabies Post-exposure Prophylaxis.

• Collectively, strategies that manipulate pathways of B cell activation may facilitate the development of a single-DOSE RABV vaccine that replaces current complicated and costly RABV PEP

39. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine: A meta-analysis.

• Meta-analysis shows that, compared with low DOSE, high DOSE comes with a higher IgG titer with overall effect size of 6.39
• For the 30 µg DOSE, the geometric mean titer was 6918.31, which is statistically significant when compared with 0

40. Transcutaneous immunization of Streptococcus suis bacterin using dissolving microneedles.

• In addition, single DOSE MN vaccination better protected mice against lethal challenge than IM vaccination

41. Ag85B synergizes with ESAT-6 to induce efficient and long-term immunity of C57BL/6 mice primed with recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin.

• The latest probable scenario in vaccination strategies is to prime one live attenuated vaccine candidate followed by boost DOSE of second vaccine candidate
• In the present study, we primed the mice with a recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) comprising Ag85B and ESAT-6 followed by boost DOSEs of Ag85B, ESAT-6 and Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein in the DDA adjuvant, separately
• After boost DOSEs of 8 and 12 weeks, the levels of antigen-stimulated T cells secreting interferon (IFN)-γ, the content of the IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-4 in the splenocytes in vitro culture supernatant, the antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G titer from mouse serum, IgG subclass and the population of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were detected
• The present study showed that recombinant BCG along with boost DOSEs of Ag85B or ESAT-6 individually did not induce efficient T-helper (Th) 1-type immune response
• On the other hand, recombinant BCG with boost DOSEs of Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein enhanced longer lasting predominant Th1 immune response
• Thus, the present study concluded recombinant BCG with boost DOSEs of Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein could be a good strategy to improve the immune protective efficacy.

42. Monoclonal Antibodies to V2, V3, the CD4-binding site and gp41 HIV-1 Mediate Phagocytosis in a Dose-dependent Manner.

43. Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Common Respiratory Viruses among Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients: A Single Center Experience in Korea.

• High-DOSE steroid usage (p=0.025), a severe state of immunodeficiency (p=0.033), and lymphopenia (p=0.006) were significantly associated with death within 30 days following CRV-LRD diagnosis in a univariate analysis
• Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high-DOSE steroid usage [odds ratio (OR), 4.05; 95% CI, 1.12-14.61; p=0.033] and lymphopenia (OR, 6.57; 95% CI, 1.80-24.03; p=0.004) were independent risk factors for mortality within 30 days of CRV-LRDs
• Therefore, the implement of an active diagnostic approaches for CRV infections is required for SCT recipients with respiratory symptoms, especially those receiving high-DOSE steroids or with lymphopenia.

44. Long-term evaluation of mucosal and systemic immunity and protection conferred by different polio booster vaccines.

• Our results show that VP1-IgG1 titers in single or double DOSE IPV dropped to background levels after one year of immunization
• This decrease correlated with >50% reduction in seropositivity in double DOSE and <10% seropositivity in single DOSE IPV against serotype 1
• Single DOSE IPV offered no or minimal protection against serotype 1 and 2 but conferred protection against serotype 3
• VP1-IgA titers were negligible in IPV single or double DOSE vaccinated mice

45. The effect of gamma-irradiation conditions on the immunogenicity of whole-inactivated Influenza A virus vaccine.

• Gamma-irradiation, particularly an irradiation DOSE of 50kGy, has been utilised widely to sterilise highly pathogenic agents such as Ebola, Marburg Virus, and Avian Influenza H5N1
• Considering the possible inclusion of highly pathogenic Influenza strains in future clinical development of γ-Flu, an irradiation DOSE of 50kGy may be used to enhance vaccine safety beyond the internationally accepted Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)
• Thus, we investigated the effect of irradiation conditions, including high irradiation DOSEs, on the immunogenicity of γ-Flu
• Considering that low temperature is expected to reduce the protein damage associated with exposure to high irradiation DOSEs, we titrated the vaccine DOSE to verify the efficacy of 50kGy γ-Flu
• Our data demonstrate that exposure to 50kGy on dry-ice is associated with limited effect on vaccine immunogenicity, apparent only when using very low vaccine DOSEs

46. An HSV-2 Trivalent Vaccine Is Immunogenic in Rhesus Macaques and Highly Efficacious in Guinea Pigs.

• Animals were mock immunized, or immunized with gD2, the trivalent vaccine or the trivalent vaccine followed by a booster DOSE of gD2 (trivalent + gD2)

47. Protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria by PfSPZ Vaccine.

• BACKGROUND: A radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) malaria vaccine, PfSPZ Vaccine, protected 6 of 6 subjects (100%) against homologous Pf (same strain as in the vaccine) controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) 3 weeks after 5 DOSEs administered intravenously
• The next step was to assess protective efficacy against heterologous Pf (different from Pf in the vaccine), after fewer DOSEs, and at 24 weeks
• METHODS: The trial assessed tolerability, safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of direct venous inoculation (DVI) of 3 or 5 DOSEs of PfSPZ Vaccine in non-immune subjects
• RESULTS: Three weeks after final immunization, 5 DOSEs of 2.7 × 10(5) PfSPZ protected 12 of 13 recipients (92.3% [95% CI: 48.0, 99.8]) against homologous CHMI and 4 of 5 (80.0% [10.4, 99.5]) against heterologous CHMI; 3 DOSEs of 4.5 × 10(5) PfSPZ protected 13 of 15 (86.7% [35.9, 98.3]) against homologous CHMI
• Twenty-four weeks after final immunization, the 5-DOSE regimen protected 7 of 10 (70.0% [17.3, 93.3]) against homologous and 1 of 10 (10.0% [-35.8, 45.6]) against heterologous CHMI; the 3-DOSE regimen protected 8 of 14 (57.1% [21.5, 76.6]) against homologous CHMI
• A 3-DOSE regimen protected against both 3-week and 24-week homologous CHMI (87% and 57%, respectively) in this population

48. Overview of the benefits and potential issues of the nonavalent HPV vaccine.

• Future adoption of 9vHPV will depend on factors including market price, cost-effectiveness data, use of a two-DOSE schedule, and safety and efficacy monitoring in real-life programs.

49. An Interleukin 12 Adjuvanted Herpes Simplex Virus 2 DNA Vaccine Is More Protective Than a Glycoprotein D Subunit Vaccine in a High-Dose Murine Challenge Model.

• We demonstrate that delivery of DNA expressing full-length HSV-2 glycoprotein immunogens by electroporation with the adjuvant interleukin 12 (IL-12) generates substantially greater protection against a high-DOSE HSV-2 vaginal challenge than a recombinant gD subunit vaccine adjuvanted with alum and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)

50. Probability of Transmission of Malaria from Mosquito to Human Is Regulated by Mosquito Parasite Density in Naïve and Vaccinated Hosts.

• Here we analyse >1000 experimental infections of humans and mice and demonstrate a DOSE-dependency for probability of infection and the length of the host pre-patent period
• A similar DOSE response for the probability of infection was seen for humans given a pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate targeting circumsporozoite protein (CSP), and in mice with and without transfusion of anti-CSP antibodies

51. A New Vaccine Delivery Vehicle and Adjuvant Candidate: Bordetella Pertussis Inactivated Whole Cells Entrapped in Alginate Microspheres.

• The inactivated bacterial suspension mixture prepared in this work was nontoxic and showed potent ED50 (1:333 of human DOSE) and preserved agglutinins 1, 2, 3

52. Long-term effectiveness of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine 22-28 years after immunization in a hepatitis B virus endemic rural area: is an adult booster dose needed?

• Overall the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in all participants was 3·79%; 3·47% of subjects who had received the first DOSE within 24 h were HBsAg positive, and 8·41% of subjects who had received a delayed first DOSE were also HBsAg positive
• There were 1527 subjects identified who had received the first DOSE within 24 h and whose HBsAg and anti-HBc prevalence increased yearly after immunization, while the anti-HBs-positive rate and vaccine effectiveness declined
• To reduce the risk of HBV infection in this highly endemic area, a booster DOSE might be necessary if anti-HBs levels fall below 10 mIU/ml after age 18 years

53. A novel vaccinological evaluation of intranasal vaccine and adjuvant safety for preclinical tests.

• Expression of these genes increased DOSE-dependent manner when mice were intranasally administered the toxicity reference vaccine
• When the adjuvant CpG K3 or a CpG-K3-combined influenza vaccine was administered intranasally, marker gene expression increased in a CpG-K3-DOSE-dependent way
• We believe that the marker genes expression analyses will be useful in preclinical testing, adjuvant development, and selecting the appropriate DOSE of adjuvant in nasal administration vaccines.

54. Attenuated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae double-deletion mutant S-8∆clpP/apxIIC confers protection against homologous or heterologous strain challenge.

• The S-8△clpP△apxIIC mutant exhibited attenuated virulence in a murine (BALB/c) model, and caused no detrimental effects on pigs even at a DOSE of up to 1.0 × 10(9) CFU

55. Rotavirus Specific Maternal Antibodies and Immune Response to RV3-BB Neonatal Rotavirus Vaccine in New Zealand.

• This study aimed to investigate the effect of rotavirus specific maternal antibodies on the serum IgA response or stool excretion of vaccine virus after any DOSE of an oral rotavirus vaccine, RV3-BB, in parallel to a Phase IIa clinical trial conducted at Dunedin Hospital, New Zealand
• Infants were randomised to receive the first DOSE of vaccine at 0-5 days (neonatal schedule) or 8 weeks (infant schedule)
• The relationship between rotavirus specific IgG and SNA levels in cord blood and IgA in colostrum and breast milk at the time of first active DOSE of RV3-BB vaccine and level of IgA response and stool excretion after three DOSEs of vaccine was assessed using linear and logistic regression
• Results Forty infants received 3 DOSEs of RV3-BB rotavirus vaccine and were included in the analysis of the neonatal and infant groups
• There was little evidence of an association between IgA in colostrum or breast milk IgA at 4 weeks, or between cord IgG or SNA level, and IgA response or stool excretion after three DOSEs of RV3-BB, or after one DOSE (neonatal schedule) (all p>0.05)
• Conclusions The level of IgA in colostrum or breast milk and level of placental IgG and SNA did not impact on the serum IgA response or stool excretion following three DOSEs of RV3-BB Rotavirus Vaccine administered using either a neonatal or infant schedule in New Zealand infants.

56. Immunogenicity and safety of purified vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) produced by Liaoning Cheng Da Co. under Zagreb 2-1-1 or 5-dose Essen regimen in Chinese adults aged 50 and above.

57. Public health action following an outbreak of toxigenic cutaneous diphtheria in an Auckland refugee resettlement centre.

• Chemoprophylaxis was administered (1 DOSE of intramuscular benzathine penicillin or 10 days of oral erythromycin) and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine offered regardless of immunisation status

58. Outer membrane vesicles harboring modified lipid A moiety augment the efficacy of an influenza vaccine exhibiting reduced endotoxicity in a mouse model.

• Notably, the mice co-immunized with fmOMV showed a significantly higher protection rate against challenge with a lethal DOSE of homologous or heterologous influenza viruses without adverse effects

59. Fusion of the dendritic cell-targeting chemokine MIP3α to melanoma antigen Gp100 in a therapeutic DNA vaccine significantly enhances immunogenicity and survival in a mouse melanoma model.

• The B16F10 melanoma syngeneic mouse model system was utilized, with a standard therapeutic protocol: challenge with lethal DOSE of B16F10 cells (5 × 10(4)) on day 0 and then vaccinate by intramuscular electroporation with 50 μg plasmid on days three, 10, and 17

60. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!).

• We assessed the efficacy of a single intramuscular DOSE of rVSV-ZEBOV (2×10(7) plaque-forming units administered in the deltoid muscle) in the prevention of laboratory confirmed Ebola virus disease

61. A novel "in-feed" delivery platform applied for oral DNA vaccination against IPNV enables high protection in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar).

• The oral vaccine induced detectable levels of VP2-specific antibodies and conferred significant protection following IPNV challenge, with relative percent survivals (RPS) of 58.2%, for single DOSE (1mgpDNA/kgfish⋅d), and 66% for double DOSE (2mgpDNA/kgfish⋅d)

62. An Intranasal Proteosome-Adjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Is Safe, Immunogenic & Efficacious in the Human Viral Influenza Challenge Model. Serum IgG & Mucosal IgA Are Important Correlates of Protection against Illness Associated with Infection.

• In two separate studies using the human viral challenge model, subjects were selected to be immunologically naive to A/Panama/2007/1999 (H3N2) virus and then DOSEd via nasal spray with one of three regimens of P-TIV or placebo
• One or two DOSEs, 15 μg or 30 μg, were given either once only or twice 14 days apart (1 x 30 μg, 2 x 30 μg, 2 x 15 μg) and subjects were challenged with A/Panama/2007/1999 (H3N2) virus
• The greatest relative rise in sIgA, following vaccination but prior to challenge, was observed in groups that received 2 DOSEs
• The two DOSE regimen was found to be superior to the single DOSE regimen

63. [Evaluation of the pharmacoeconomic efficacy of prestance in the treatment of hypertensive patients on the basis of the results of the POTENTIAL program].

• To pharmacoeconomically estimate the use of a fixed-DOSE combination of perindopril and amlodipine in the treatment of hypertensive patients
• A pharmacoeconomic study was conducted on the basis of the Russian postmarketing observational open program POTENTIAL, which included the estimation of direct and indirect costs associated with the addition of a fixed-DOSE combination of perindopril and amlodipine to conventional therapy for hypertension in patients who had not achieved adequate blood pressure (BP) control

64. A Single Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates with Highly Attenuated Smallpox Vaccine, LC16m8, Provides Long-term Protection against Monkeypox.

• The results demonstrate that the vaccination of monkeys with a single DOSE of LC16m8 provided durable protection against MPXV for longer than 1 year after immunization

65. Development of Streptococcus agalactiae vaccines for tilapia.

• Other factors, such as immunization duration and number, fish size and challenge DOSE, also influenced the vaccine efficacy.

66. Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in Chinese women aged 18-25 years: event-triggered analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

• We previously reported the results of a phase II/III, double-blind, randomized controlled study in Chinese women (NCT00779766) showing a 94.2% (95% confidence interval: 62.7-99.9) HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine efficacy (VE) against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or higher (CIN1+) and/or 6-month (M) persistent infection (PI) with a mean follow-up of <2 years, and immunogenicity until 7 months post-DOSE 1
• Healthy 18-25-year-old women (N = 6051) were randomized (1:1) to receive three DOSEs of HPV-16/18 vaccine or Al(OH)3 (control) at M0, 1, 6

67. Protection of Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome by continuous oral administration of a low concentration of Bacillus subtilis spores expressing the VP28 antigen.

• These data suggest that supplementation of CotB-VP28 spores at low DOSE of ≥1 × 10(6)  CFU per g could be effective as a prophylactic treatment of WSS for black tiger shrimps
• These data indicate that supplementation of CotB-VP28 spores at a low DOSE of ≥1 × 10(6)  CFU per g could be effective in prophylaxis against white spot syndrome in black tiger shrimps.

68. Role of T3SS-1 SipD Protein in Protecting Mice against Non-typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium.

• Mice orally immunized with SipD alone or SipD combined with PrgI were protected against lethal intestinal challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium (100 Lethal DOSE 50%) depending on antigen, route and adjuvant

69. An Overview of Vaccination Strategies and Antigen Delivery Systems for Streptococcus agalactiae Vaccines in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

• Despite this, indications are that the correlates of vaccine protection can be established based on antibody responses and antigen DOSE, although these parameters require optimization before they can become an integral part of routine vaccine production

70. Universal or Specific? A Modeling-Based Comparison of Broad-Spectrum Influenza Vaccines against Conventional, Strain-Matched Vaccines.

• We find that, even when matched by per-DOSE efficacy, universal vaccines could dampen population-level transmission over several seasons to a greater extent than conventional vaccines

71. Preclinical study and clinical trial of a novel therapeutic vaccine against multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.

• By the toxicology test using monkeys, high DOSE GMP level vaccine/ monkey is administrated

72. Comparative evaluation of a newly developed 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in a mouse model.

• Also, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 100-fold of the 50% lethal DOSE of Streptococcus pneumoniae

73. Benefit of SLIT and SCIT for Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma.

• In contrast to SCIT, SLIT was tested in very large clinical trials (need references), including hundreds of patients and with DOSE-ranging experimental designs, so that some products (tablets) for grass, mite, and ragweed were officially approved as commercial drugs by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency and the optimal content for the maintenance DOSE was identified for selected allergens

74. Safety and immunogenicity of the tau vaccine AADvac1 in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial.

• They received three subcutaneous DOSEs of AADvac1 or placebo from masked vaccine kits at monthly intervals, and then entered the open-label phase, in which all patients were allocated to AADvac1 treatment and received another three DOSEs at monthly intervals
• We include all patients who received at least one DOSE of AADvac1 in the safety assessment

75. Temperature-Sensitive Live-Attenuated Canine Influenza Virus H3N8 Vaccine.

• A single DOSE of H3N8 LACIV showed immunogenicity and protection against a homologous challenge that was better than that conferred with an H3N8 IIV, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing a LAIV approach for the improved control of H3N8 CIV infections in dogs.

76. Adjuvanting a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine with Toll-Like Receptor Ligands Encapsulated in Nanoparticles Induces Persistent Antibody Responses and Enhanced Protection in TRIM5α Restrictive Macaques.

• NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced immune responses that were associated with enhanced protection against repeated low-DOSE, intravaginal challenges with heterologous SIVsmE660 in animals that carried TRIM5α restrictive alleles
• These responses were superior to those induced by alum adjuvant, and they resulted in enhanced protection against a low-DOSE intravaginal challenge with a heterologous strain of SIV in animals with TRIM5a restrictive alleles

77. Repurposing ospemifene for potentiating an antigen-specific immune response.

• The effects of ospemifene (OSP) on the immune response to a peptide cancer vaccine (PV) were evaluated after chronic [control (n = 22); OSP 50 mg/kg (n = 16); PV (n = 6); OSP+PV (n = 11)], intermittent [control (n = 10); OSP 10 and 50 mg/kg (n = 11); PV (n = 11); combination treatment (n = 11 each DOSE)] and pretreatment [control; OSP 100 mg/kg; PV 100 μg; combination treatment (n = 8 all groups)] ospemifene oral dosing schedules in a total of 317 mixed-sex tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice
• Taken together, ospemifene's DOSE response and schedule-dependent immune modulating activity offers a method of tailoring and augmenting the efficacy of previously failed antigen-specific cancer vaccines for a wide range of malignancies.

78. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a single-dose live non-pathogenic Escherichia coli oral vaccine against F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge in pigs.

• The pigs were vaccinated via the drinking water with a single DOSE of the Coliprotec® F4 vaccine one day post-weaning

79. Immune protection duration and efficacy stability of DNA vaccine encoding Eimeria tenella TA4 and chicken IL-2 against coccidiosis.

• In the present study, the immunization DOSE of the DNA vaccine pVAX1.0-TA4-IL-2 was further optimized
• With the optimized DOSE, the dynamics of antibodies induced by the DNA vaccine was determined using indirect ELISA
• The results showed that the optimal DOSE was 25μg

80. Active immunization with Brucella abortus S19 phage lysate elicits serum IgG that protects guinea pigs against virulent B. abortus and protects mice by passive immunization.

• In this study, using a fixed DOSE (Two mouse PD100) of lysates, the prophylactic efficacies of both plain and alum gel adjuvanted lysates were evaluated in guinea pig by direct virulent challenge and passive mouse protection test (PMPT)
• Strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses in guinea pigs and protection comparable to S19 vaccine was observed with low DOSE (1.0 μg protein and 120 μg carbohydrate adsorbed on 0.1% aluminium gel)

81. The Long-Term Safety, Public Health Impact, and Cost-Effectiveness of Routine Vaccination with a Recombinant, Live-Attenuated Dengue Vaccine (Dengvaxia): A Model Comparison Study.

• The default vaccination policy considered was routine vaccination of 9-y-old children in a three-DOSE schedule at 80% coverage

82. Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in African infants.

• Healthy infants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive two DOSEs of vaccine (in addition to one DOSE of placebo) or three DOSEs of vaccine - the pooled vaccine group - or three DOSEs of placebo at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age
• A total of 4939 infants were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the three groups; 1647 infants received two DOSEs of the vaccine, 1651 infants received three DOSEs of the vaccine, and 1641 received placebo

83. A De-O-acylated Lipooligosaccharide-Based Adjuvant System Promotes Antibody and Th1-Type Immune Responses to H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in Mice.

• CIA06 significantly enhanced influenza-specific serum IgG, hemagglutination-inhibition, and virus-neutralizing antibody titers, which eliminated vaccine DOSE-dependency in the antibody response
• These data suggest that the dLOS-based adjuvant system CIA06 can be used to promote the immune responses to influenza vaccine or to spare antigen DOSE without causing harmful inflammatory responses.

84. Surface-assembled poly(I:C) on PEGylated PLGA microspheres as vaccine adjuvant: APC activation and bystander cell stimulation.

• To address this aspect, we propose to minimize the poly(I:C) DOSE as well as to control the stimulation of non-immune bystander cells by poly(I:C)
• To facilitate the maturation of APCs with minimal poly(I:C) DOSEs, we surface-assembled poly(I:C) onto PLGA microspheres

85. Optimizing the Delivery of Antineoplastic Therapies to the Central Nervous System.

• These include: 1) directly placing drugs inside the blood-brain barrier (polymeric implants, convection-enhanced delivery, and intraventricular administration), 2) modifying systemic chemotherapy (by using high-DOSE methotrexate and intra-arterial drug administration), 3) temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier (via use of intra-arterial mannitol, focused ultrasound, or pharmacologic agents), and 4) designing drugs that can pass through the blood-brain barrier

86. Mini-intronic plasmid vaccination elicits tolerant LAG3(+) CD8(+) T cells and inferior antitumor responses.

• Further, LAG3 expression on CD8(+) T cells was associated with antigen DOSE and persistence in spite of DNA-induced innate immunity

87. Mucosal vaccination with a live recombinant rhinovirus followed by intradermal DNA administration elicits potent and protective HIV-specific immune responses.

• As a control, IN vaccination with wild type (wt)-HRV-A1 followed by a single ID DOSE of pVAX (wt-HRV-A1/pVAX vaccination) was included
• rHRV-DNA vaccination elicited superior multi-functional CD8(+)T cell responses in lymphocytes harvested from mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens, and higher titres of Tat-specific antibodies in blood and vaginal lavages, and reduced the viral load more effectively after challenge with EcoHIV, a murine HIV challenge model, in peritoneal macrophages, splenocytes and blood compared compared with wt-HRV-A1/pVAX vaccination or administration of 3 ID DOSEs of pVAX-Gag-Tat (3X pVAX-Gag-Tat vaccination)

88. Interim analysis of a phase I/IIa trial assessing E39+GM-CSF, a folate binding protein vaccine, to prevent recurrence in ovarian and endometrial cancer patients.

• E39 was well-tolerated regardless of DOSE
• This phase I/IIa trial reveals that E39+GM-CSF is well-tolerated and elicits a strong, DOSE-dependent in vivo immune response
• Early efficacy results are promising in the 1000 mcg DOSE cohort
• This study proves the safety and establishes the DOSE of E39 for a larger prospective, randomized, controlled trial in HLA-A2+ EC and OC patients to prevent recurrence.

89. Safety and Immunogenicity of a rAd35-EnvA Prototype HIV-1 Vaccine in Combination with rAd5-EnvA in Healthy Adults (VRC 012).

• First, five subjects each received a single injection of 109, 1010, or 1011 particle units (PU) of rAd35-EnvA in an open-label, DOSE-escalation study
• Antibody responses measured by ELISA were detected at 4 weeks in 30% and 50% of subjects after single DOSEs of 1010 or 1011 PU rAd35, respectively, and in 89% after a single rAd5-EnvA 1010 PU injection
• T cell responses were higher after a single rAd5-EnvA 1010 PU injection than after a single rAd35-EnvA 1010 PU injection, and humoral responses were low after a single DOSE of either vector
• ELISpot response magnitude was similar in both regimens and comparable to a single DOSE of rAd5
• Humoral response magnitude was also similar after either heterologous regimen, but was several fold higher than after a single DOSE of rAd5
• While it effectively primed and boosted antibody responses when given in a reciprocal prime-boost regimen with rAd5-EnvA using a three-month interval, it did not significantly improve the frequency or magnitude of T cell responses above a single DOSE of rAd5

90. Protection of mice against gastric colonization of Helicobacter pylori by therapeutic immunization with systemic whole cell inactivated vaccines.

• The infection DOSE was determined to be 1 × 10(8) cells which resulted to be the optimal concentration to sustain infection for required time
• The IgG titer levels of high DOSE adjuvant vaccine of both strains were proportionate on the 7th and 14th day
• Subsequently on the 21st and 28th day SS1 high DOSE adjuvant revealed a higher titer value

91. The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in children 5 to 17 months of age at first vaccination.

• The World Health Organization recommended pilot implementation of the vaccine in children at least 5 months of age according to an initial 3-DOSE schedule given at least 1 month apart, and a 4th DOSE 15-18 months post-DOSE 3
• The highest impact was seen with 4 vaccine DOSEs in children aged 5 months or older
• The vaccine will be evaluated in real-life settings to further assess its impact on mortality, vaccine safety in the context of routine immunization, and programmatic feasibility of delivering a 4-DOSE vaccination schedule requiring new immunization contacts

92. Fractional dosing of yellow fever vaccine to extend supply: a modelling study.

• The ongoing yellow fever epidemic in Angola strains the global vaccine supply, prompting WHO to adopt DOSE sparing for its vaccination campaign in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in July-August, 2016
• Although a 5-fold fractional-DOSE vaccine is similar to standard-DOSE vaccine in safety and immunogenicity, efficacy is untested
• There is an urgent need to ensure the robustness of fractional-DOSE vaccination by elucidation of the conditions under which DOSE fractionation would reduce transmission
• With simple mathematical models of yellow fever transmission, we calculate the infection attack rate (the proportion of population infected over the course of an epidemic) with various levels of transmissibility and 5-fold fractional-DOSE vaccine efficacy for two vaccination scenarios, ie, random vaccination in a hypothetical population that is completely susceptible, and the Kinshasa vaccination campaign in July-August, 2016, with different age cutoff for fractional-DOSE vaccines
• The age cutoff for fractional-DOSE vaccines chosen by WHO for the Kinshasa vaccination campaign (2 years) provides the largest reduction in infection attack rate if the efficacy of 5-fold fractional-DOSE vaccines exceeds 20%
• DOSE fractionation is an effective strategy for reduction of the infection attack rate that would be robust with a large margin for error in case fractional-DOSE VE is lower than expected

93. Combination of probiotics and coccidiosis vaccine enhances protection against an Eimeria challenge.

• prepared with the coccidiosis vaccine at 10× the vaccination DOSE

94. Skin Vaccination against Rotavirus Using Microneedles: Proof of Concept in Gnotobiotic Piglets.

• We have been pursuing the development of an inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) using the human rotavirus strain CDC-9 (G1P[8]) through parenteral immunization and previously demonstrated DOSE sparing and enhanced immunogenicity of intradermal (ID) unadjuvanted IRV using a coated microneedle patch in comparison with intramuscular (IM) administration in mice
• Three DOSEs of 5 μg IRV when administered intradermally and 5 μg IRV formulated with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] when administered intramuscularly induced comparable rotavirus-specific antibody titers of IgA, IgG, IgG avidity index and neutralizing activity in sera of neonatal piglets

95. The economic promise of developing and implementing dengue vaccines: Evidence from a systematic review.

• Eleven relevant studies were identified and there is economic evidence of a satisfactory quality level, derived through modelling approaches, to conclude that dengue fever vaccines will be economically advantageous when compared to vector preventive strategies, despite uncertainties surrounding vaccine efficacy and costs per vaccine DOSE

96. Safety of ASP0113, a cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine, in recipients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: an open-label phase 2 trial.

• Ten patients aged 22-61 years were enrolled; nine received at least one DOSE of ASP0113
• Six patients received all five DOSEs of ASP0113 5 mg at intervals before and after HCT

97. Maternal Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces Vertical Cytomegalovirus Transmission But Does Not Reduce Breast Milk Cytomegalovirus Levels.

• Specimens from a randomized trial conducted in Nairobi, Kenya between 2003-2005 were used to compare CMV transmission and breast milk levels between mother-infant pairs randomized to HAART versus short-course antenatal zidovudine plus single-DOSE nevirapine (ZDV/sdNVP) for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT)

98. Anti-PD-1 increases the clonality and activity of tumor infiltrating antigen specific T cells induced by a potent immune therapy consisting of vaccine and metronomic cyclophosphamide.

• Tumor bearing mice were treated with mCPA (20 mg/kg/day PO) for seven continuous days on alternating weeks, vaccinated with HPV16 E749-57 peptide antigen formulated in the DepoVax (DPX) adjuvanting platform every second week, and administered anti-PD-1 (200 μg/DOSE IP) after each vaccination

99. The response of mute swans (Cygnus olor, Gm. 1789) to vaccination against avian influenza with an inactivated H5N2 vaccine.

• Significant differences in HI titers were observed between swans and pigeons, but no variations in ELISA scores were noted after the booster DOSE

100. Pathway Targeted Immunotherapy: Rationale and Evidence of Durable Clinical Responses with a Novel, EGF-directed Agent for Advanced NSCLC.

• This concept of pathway targeted immunotherapy (PTI) was validated in vitro by DOSE-related suppression of EGFR, Akt, and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in cell lines with different mutations

101. Coverage, efficacy or dosing interval: which factor predominantly influences the impact of routine childhood vaccination for the prevention of varicella? A model-based study for Italy.

• Some factors are known to play an important role (number of DOSEs, coverage, dosing interval, efficacy and catch-up programmes), however, their relative impact on the reduction of varicella in the population remains unclear
• Inputs included coverage, number of DOSEs, dosing intervals, first-DOSE efficacy and availability of catch-up programmes, based on strategies currently used or likely to be used in different countries
• Both one- and two-DOSE routine varicella vaccination strategies prevented a comparable number of varicella cases with complications, but two-DOSEs provided broader protection due to prevention of a higher number of milder varicella cases
• When high coverage is reached, the impact of dosing interval and first-DOSE vaccine efficacy had a relatively lower impact on disease prevention in the population
• Similarly, a 10 % increase in first-DOSE efficacy (from 65 to 75 % efficacy) prevented 2-5 % more varicella cases, suggesting it is the least influential factor when considering routine varicella vaccination

102. Distinct immune responses and virus shedding in pigs following aerosol, intra-nasal and contact infection with pandemic swine influenza A virus, A(H1N1)09.

• We evaluated the shedding pattern, cytokine responses in nasal swabs and immune responses following delivery of low or high DOSE swine influenza pdmH1N1 virus to the respiratory tract of pigs intra-nasally or by aerosol and compared them to those induced in naturally infected contact pigs
• Our data shows that natural infection by contact induces remarkably high innate and adaptive immune response, although the animals were exposed to a very low virus DOSE
• In contacts, the kinetics of virus shedding were slow and prolonged and more similar to the low DOSE directly infected animals
• In contrast the cytokine profile in nasal swabs, antibody and cellular immune responses of contacts more closely resemble immune responses in high DOSE directly inoculated animals

103. Humoral and Cellular Responses to a Single Dose of Fendrix in Renal Transplant Recipients with Non-response to Previous Hepatitis B Vaccination.

104. Pre-registration efficacy study of a novel marker vaccine against classical swine fever on maternally derived antibody positive (MDA+) target animals.

• Of the 40 piglets with MDAs, 30 piglets were vaccinated either orally (n = 15) or intramuscularly (n = 15) with a single DOSE of vaccine candidate produced under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions

105. Development of a vaccine against Streptococcus agalactiae in fish based on truncated cell wall surface anchor proteins.

• The immunisation-challenge study revealed that tilapia and turbot immunised with recombinant truncated proteins produced high levels of antibodies with a peak at four weeks after immunisation and were protected from a challenge by a virulent S agalactiae at a DOSE of 1×10(9) colony forming units/ml

106. A phase I study of recombinant (r) vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM and rFowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM vaccines with GM-CSF and IFN-α-2b in patients with CEA-expressing carcinomas.

• The first cohort received no IFN followed by DOSE escalation of IFN-α in subsequent cohorts

107. Heterogeneity of Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Among Infants in Developing Countries.

• Infants received either 3 DOSEs of vaccine/placebo and were followed for up to 2 years
• We assessed heterogeneity of efficacy by age at first DOSE, gender, breastfeeding status and nutrition status
• African children receiving the first DOSE at <8 weeks had lower efficacy (23.7%; 95% CI: -8.2%-46.3%) than those vaccinated at ≥8 weeks (59.1%; 95% CI: 34.0%-74.6%)
• Marginally statistically significant differences were observed by age at first DOSE, gender and underweight status in Ghana and gender in Asian countries
• Heterogeneity of efficacy was observed for age at first DOSE in African countries

108. Efficacy of a Russian-backbone live attenuated influenza vaccine among young children in Bangladesh: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

• Between Feb 27 and April 9, 2013, children aged 2-4 years in urban Kamalapur and rural Matlab, Bangladesh, were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio, according to a computer-generated schedule, to receive one intranasal DOSE of LAIV or placebo
• This single-DOSE Russian-backbone LAIV was safe and efficacious at preventing symptomatic laboratory-confirmed influenza illness due to vaccine-matched strains

109. Efficacy of a Russian-backbone live attenuated influenza vaccine among children in Senegal: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

• In Senegal, we assessed the efficacy and safety of a live attenuated influenza vaccine based on Russian-derived master donor viruses and licensed as a single DOSE
• In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, single-centre trial done near Niakhar, Senegal, generally healthy children aged 2-5 years were randomly allocated (2:1) to receive a single intranasal DOSE of masked trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine or placebo

110. Determining the Optimal Vaccination Schedule for Herpes Zoster: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

• The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a single DOSE of herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine in persons aged 60 years or older, but the efficacy decreases to zero after approximately 10 years
• A booster DOSE administered after 10 years might extend protection, but the cost-effectiveness of a booster strategy has not been examined
• In deterministic sensitivity analysis, "vaccination at 60 plus two boosters" cost < $100,000/QALY if compliance rate was > 67 % or vaccine cost was < $156 per DOSE
• Under current assumptions, initiating HZ vaccine at age 70 years with one booster DOSE 10 years later appears optimal

111. Stimulation through CD40 and TLR-4 Is an Effective Host Directed Therapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• Interestingly, CD40 and TLR-4 stimulation along with the suboptimal DOSE of anti-TB drugs significantly fortified their efficacy to kill Mtb

112. Intranasal immunization with recombinant Toxoplasma gondii actin depolymerizing factor confers protective efficacy against toxoplasmosis in mice.

• gondii infection, we optimized the intranasal immunization DOSE of rTgADF and analyzed the survival rate and tachyzoite loads in mouse tissues after oral challenge with T

113. Construction of a recombinant duck enteritis virus vaccine expressing hemagglutinin of H9N2 avian influenza virus and evaluation of its efficacy in ducks.

• Moreover, a single DOSE of 10(3) TCID50 of rDEV-∆UL2-HA induced solid protection against lethal DEV challenge and completely prevented H9N2 AIV viral shedding

114. Induction of an Immune-Protective T-Cell Repertoire With Diverse Genetic Coverage by a Novel Viral-Vectored Tuberculosis Vaccine in Humans.

•  A single-DOSE immunization in BCG-primed adults with an adenovirus-based tuberculosis vaccine elicits a repertoire of memory T cells capable of recognizing multiple Ag85A epitopes

115. [Influenza: Whats new?]

• New vaccines have been introduced with quadrivalent vaccines covering both circulating B-types simultaneously and high DOSE vaccines for elder patients.

116. A review of measles supplementary immunization activities and the implications for Pacific Island countries and territories.

• Expert commentary: Very high coverage with two DOSEs of measles vaccine seems to be the optimal strategy for controlling measles
• By 2015, all but two Pacific Islands had introduced a second DOSE in the routine schedule; however, a number of countries have not yet reached high coverage with their second DOSE
• The literature and the country reviews reported here suggest that a high coverage SIA combined with one DOSE of measles vaccine given in the routine system will also do the job

117. Combining biomedical preventions for HIV: Vaccines with pre-exposure prophylaxis, microbicides or other HIV preventions.

• Animal models can determine CBP efficacy, whether additive or synergistic, the efficacy of different products and combinations, DOSE, timing and mechanisms

118. Fixed-dose combination emtricitabine/tenofovir/efavirenz initiated during acute HIV infection; 96-week efficacy and durability.

119. Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugated to Salmonella Typhimurium-Derived OPS in a Mouse Model: A Potential Vaccine Candidate Against Salmonellosis.

• Two weeks after the first vaccination DOSE, there was no significant difference in the antibody titers of the OPS and OPS-DT groups
• However, after the second and third DOSEs, the antibody titers of the OPS-DT group increased significantly compared with those of the control groups (P < 0.001)

120. Sunitinib: the antiangiogenic effects and beyond.

• While the side effects are manageable, sunitinib, like many other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, can be associated with serious toxicities that require careful management including frequent DOSE reductions

121. Post Exposure Prophylaxis for Occupational Exposures to HIV and Hepatitis B: Our Experience of Thirteen Years at a Rural Based Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Western India.

• Of the 48, in 17 (35.4%) incidences no action was required; 23 (47.9%) were managed with booster DOSE of Hepatitis B vaccine and eight (16.7%) with Hepatitis B immunoglobulin

122. Evaluation of the efficacy of a new oil-based adjuvant ISA 61 VG FMD vaccine as a potential vaccine for cattle.

• Two groups of 15 naive cattle received a single vaccination with different DOSEs (full DOSE, 1/3 DOSE and 1/9 DOSE) to calculate their PD50 (50% protective DOSE) after being challenged with the homologous virulent virus

123. Mechanisms, safety and efficacy of a B cell epitope-based vaccine for immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy.

• We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled AIT study to determine safety, clinical efficacy and immunological mechanism of three subcutaneous injections of three BM32 DOSEs adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide versus aluminum hydroxide (placebo) applied monthly to grass pollen allergic patients (n=70)
• TOSS and SPT reactions showed a DOSE-dependent decrease
• The B cell epitope-based recombinant grass pollen allergy vaccine BM32 is well tolerated and few DOSEs are sufficient to suppress immediate allergic reactions as well as allergen-specific T cell responses via a selective induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies

124. Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Hematological Malignancies: a Systematic Review of Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Safety.

• Protection rate of booster DOSE was 30% (95% CI=6-62%) for H1N1
• Pooled prevalence protection rate of H3N2 and B was available for meta-analysis only for first DOSE, 42.6% (95% CI=23.2 - 63.3 %) and 39.6 % (95% CI=26%-54.1%) for H3N2 and B, respectively
• Response rate of booster DOSE resulted 35% (95% CI=19.7-51.2%) for H1N1, 23% (95% CI=16.6-31.5%) for H3N2, 29% (95% CI=21.3-37%) for B

125. Protective efficacy of a prime-boost protocol using H5-DNA plasmid as prime and inactivated H5N2 vaccine as the booster against the Egyptian avian influenza challenge virus.

• In the immunization and challenge experiments, SPF chickens received 1 or 2 DOSEs of H5-DNA plasmid prime, and boosted with the inactivated H5N2 vaccine
• Chickens immunized with 1 or 2 DOSEs of H5-DNA vaccine failed to overcome the challenge with 0% and 10% protection, respectively
• Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed virus shedding of 2.2 x 104 PCR copies/ml 3 days post challenge (dpc) in the only surviving bird from the group that received 2 DOSEs of plasmid
• However, chickens immunized with 1 or 2 DOSEs of H5-DNA plasmid as prime and inactivated H5N2 vaccine as booster, showed 80% protection after challenge, with a viral shedding of 1.2 x 104 PCR copies/ml (1 DOSE) and 1.6 x 104 PCR copies/ml (2 DOSEs) 3 dpc

126. Multi-dose Romidepsin Reactivates Replication Competent SIV in Post-antiretroviral Rhesus Macaque Controllers.

• Three post-treatment controller RMs received three DOSEs of RMD every 35-50 days, followed by in vivo experimental depletion of CD8+ cells using monoclonal antibody M-T807R1

127. Preclinical identification of vaccine induced protective correlates in human leukocyte antigen expressing transgenic mice infected with Coccidioides posadasii.

• In this study HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine (ΔT) and challenged by the intranasal route with 50-70 Coccidioides posadasii spores, a potentially lethal DOSE

128. Current hepatitis B virus infection situation in Indonesia and its genetic diversity.

• The low birth DOSE coverage and the presence of vaccine escape mutants might contribute to this endemicity among children

129. Zebrafish as a novel model for non-typhoidal Salmonella pathogenesis, transmission and vaccine efficacy.

• Enteritidis immunogen induced protective efficacy against a high DOSE (10(8)CFU/ml) of infection with these pathogens

130. Efficacy of Various HVT Vaccines (Conventional and Recombinant) Against Marek's Disease in Broiler Chickens: Effect of Dose and Age of Vaccination.

• In a first study we evaluated the efficacy of two conventional HVTs (HVT-A and HVT-B) administered at different DOSEs (475, 1500, and 4000 PFU) at day of age on the ability to protect against an early challenge with very virulent plus strain 645
• In a second experiment we evaluated the protection ability of several HVTs (both conventional and recombinant) when administered in ovo at a DOSE of 1500 PFU using the same challenge model
• Our results show that each HVT is unique and age at vaccination and vaccine DOSE greatly affected vaccine efficacy

131. Effect of Preventive Chlamydia abortus Vaccination in Offspring Development in Sheep Challenged Experimentally.

• In this context, we evaluated the efficacy of an inactivated standard commercial vaccine and a 1/2 diluted DOSE in pregnant sheep challenged with C
• Three groups of ewes [control non-vaccinated, C (n = 18); vaccinated with standard DOSE, SV (n = 16); and vaccinated with 1/2 DOSE, DV (n = 17)], were challenged approximately 90 days post-mating and tested using direct PCR (tissue samples and vaginal swabs) and ELISA (serum) until 31 days post-reproductive outcome
• abortus-infected ewes at a standard and a diluted DOSE, an interesting finding given the difficulty in achieving sufficient antigen concentration in the production of enzootic abortion of ewes-commercial vaccines.

132. Safety Study: Intraventricular Injection of a Modified Oncolytic Measles Virus into Measles-Immune, hCD46-Transgenic, IFNαRko Mice.

• Treated animals were administered a single intraventricular injection of 1 × 10(5) or 1 × 10(6) TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective DOSE) of MV-NIS

133. Influenza vaccine efficacy in young children attending childcare: A randomised controlled trial.

• Children were randomised to receive two DOSEs of TIV or control hepatitis A vaccine
• Injection site and systemic adverse events were mostly mild to moderate with no significant differences, apart from more mild diarrhoea following DOSE 2 in TIV recipients (11.8 vs 0%)

134. Rabies Outbreaks and Vaccination in Domestic Camels and Cattle in Northwest China.

• Compared with a single injection with one (low-efficacy) or three DOSEs (high-cost), a single injection of a double DOSE of canine vaccine provided low-price and convenience for local veterinarians while inducing levels of virus neutralizing antibodies indicative of protection against rabies for at least 1 year in the cattle and camels

135. Re-designing the Mozambique vaccine supply chain to improve access to vaccines.

• The alternative system design raised vaccine availability (from 66% to 93% in Gaza; from 76% to 84% in Cabo Delgado) and reduced the logistics cost per DOSE administered (from $0.53 to $0.32 in Gaza; from $0.38 to $0.24 in Cabo Delgado) as compared to the multi-tiered system under the current EPI

136. A Recombinant Chimeric Ad5/3 Vector Expressing a Multistage Plasmodium Antigen Induces Protective Immunity in Mice Using Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization Regimens.

• Our study also demonstrates that the DOSE of the Ad vectors has an impact on the memory profile and protective efficacy

137. A phase I clinical study of immunotherapy for advanced colorectal cancers using carcinoembryonic antigen-pulsed dendritic cells mixed with tetanus toxoid and subsequent IL-2 treatment.

• Low-DOSE interleukin-2 was administered subcutaneously following the final DC vaccination to boost the growth of T cells

138. Cross-species prediction of human survival probabilities for accelerated anthrax vaccine absorbed (AVA) regimens and the potential for vaccine and antibiotic dose sparing.

• The schedule is three DOSEs administered subcutaneous (SC) at 2-week intervals (0, 2, and 4weeks), in conjunction with a 60-day course of antimicrobials
• A nonhuman primate (NHP) study was completed to evaluate the efficacy of a two DOSE anthrax vaccine absorbed (AVA) schedule (0, 2weeks) aerosol challenged with high levels of B
• The bridging analysis demonstrated that high levels of NHP protection also yield high predicted probability of human survival just 2weeks after the second DOSE of vaccine with the full or half antigen DOSE regimen
• The absolute difference in probability of human survival between the full and half antigen DOSE was estimated to be at most approximately 20%, indicating that more investigation of the half-antigen DOSE for vaccine DOSE sparing strategies may be warranted.

139. Virus-Like Nanoparticle Vaccine Confers Protection against Toxoplasma gondii.

• Upon challenge infection with a lethal DOSE of T

140. A Bayesian adaptive phase I-II trial design for optimizing the schedule of therapeutic cancer vaccines.

• Typically, Phase I-II oncology trials take the form of DOSE-escalation studies, where initial subjects are treated at the lowest DOSE level and subsequent subjects are treated at progressively higher DOSEs until the optimal DOSE is identified
• While DOSE-escalation designs are well-motivated in the case of traditional chemotherapeutic agents, an alternate approach may be considered for therapeutic cancer vaccines, where an investigator's main objective is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a set of dosing schedules or adjuvant combinations rather than to compare the safety and efficacy of progressively higher DOSE levels

141. HSV-2 ΔgD elicits FcγR-effector antibodies that protect against clinical isolates.

• Furthermore, mice were completely protected against 100 times the lethal DOSE that typically kills 90% of animals (LD90) of a South African isolate (SD90), and no latent virus was detected in dorsal root ganglia

142. Corynebacterium cutis Lysate Treatment Can Increase the Efficacies of PPR Vaccine.

• The PPR vaccine group received a single subcutaneous axillary injection of the PPR vaccine (1 mL containing tissue culture infectious DOSE (TCID)50 attenuated live PPRV, n = 6) and the combination treatment (1 mL CCL and 1 mL PPR vaccine, n = 6) groups received a single subcutaneous axillary injection of both CCL and PPR vaccine

143. Using a Human Challenge Model of Infection to Measure Vaccine Efficacy: A Randomised, Controlled Trial Comparing the Typhoid Vaccines M01ZH09 with Placebo and Ty21a.

• In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of a single DOSE of the oral vaccine candidate, M01ZH09, in susceptible volunteers by direct typhoid challenge
• Participants were allocated to receive one DOSE of double-blinded M01ZH09 or placebo or 3-DOSEs of open-label Ty21a
• Ninety-nine participants were randomised to receive M01ZH09 (n = 33), placebo (n = 33) or 3-DOSEs of Ty21a (n = 33)
• Vaccine efficacy (VE) for one DOSE of M01ZH09 was 13% [95% CI -29 to 41] and 35% [-5 to 60] for 3-DOSEs of Ty21a
• Limitations to the study included the requirement to limit the challenge period prior to treatment to 2 weeks, the intensity of the study procedures and the high challenge DOSE used resulting in a stringent model
• Despite successfully demonstrating the use of a human challenge study to directly evaluate vaccine efficacy, a single-DOSE M01ZH09 failed to demonstrate significant protection after challenge with virulent Salmonella Typhi in this model

144. A review of immunogenicity and tolerability of live attenuated Hepatitis A vaccine in children.

• Moreover, a single DOSE of live attenuated vaccine persists a long term immune response and can be a preferred option for developing countries
• In 2014, Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) also updated their recommendations for H2 vaccine as a single DOSE as against the previous 2 DOSE schedule

145. Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine: A Review in the Prevention of Dengue Disease.

• In Latin American and Asian phase 3 trials in children and adolescents (n > 30,000), the recommended three-DOSE CYD-TDV regimen was efficacious in preventing virologically-confirmed dengue (VCD) during the period from 28 days after the last DOSE (month 13) to month 25, meeting the primary endpoint criteria
• from post DOSE 1) in ongoing long-term studies

146. Vitamin D3 improves the effects of low dose Der p 2 allergoid treatment in Der p 2 sensitized BALB/c mice.

• We investigated whether the co-administration of VD3 could potentiate the effect of AIT even when added to a low DOSE of chemically-modified monomeric allergoid of Der p 2 (d2-OID), in a Derp p 2 (d2)-sensitized BALB/c mice model
• The d2-OID alone was not fully successful, as expected for a low DOSE
• The addition of VD3 to a conventional AIT protocol would allow the reduction of allergoid DOSE needed and therefore, the production costs

147. Efficacy of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Ebola Virus Postexposure Treatment in Rhesus Macaques Infected With Ebola Virus Makona.

• We treated groups of animals with 1 DOSE of VSV-EBOV either in a single injection at 1 or 24 hours after EBOV exposure or with 2 injections, half the DOSE at each time point; 1 control group received the same DOSE of the VSV-based Marburg virus vaccine at both time points; another group remained untreated

148. Obesity Outweighs Protection Conferred by Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination.

• Increasing the antigen DOSE affords no added protection, and a decreasing viral DOSE did not fully mitigate the increased mortality seen in obese mice

149. Safety and protective efficacy of a spiC and crp deletion mutant of Salmonella gallinarum as a live attenuated vaccine for fowl typhoid.

• Three-day-old chickens were intramuscularly immunized with 1009ΔspiCΔcrp (1×10(7)CFU) and boosted 7days later (at 10-days old) with the same DOSE and via the same route (vaccinated group)

150. High-dose influenza vaccine favors acute plasmablast responses rather than long-term cellular responses.

• High-DOSE (HD) influenza vaccine shows improved relative efficacy against influenza disease compared to standard-DOSE (SD) vaccine in individuals ⩾65years
• However, long-lived memory B cell induction, cytokine-secreting T cell responses and persistence of serological memory were comparable regardless of vaccine DOSE

151. Prevention of Cervix Cancer in India.

• Prevention of cervical cancers with two-DOSE HPV vaccination and early detection of precancerous cervical lesions of the eligible population through screening and their appropriate treatment with a single-visit 'screen-and-treat' approach appear to be promising for low-middle-income countries including India.

152. Use of flagellin and cholera toxin as adjuvants in intranasal vaccination of mice to enhance protective immune responses against uropathogenic Escherichia coli antigens.

• Furthermore, the use of CT in synergism with FliC resulted in the stimulation of a mixed Th1 and Th2 responses against FimH and FliC as antigen and maintained the antibody responses for at least 24 weeks following the last vaccine DOSE

153. Safety and immunogenecity of a live attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccine (CL13T) in camels.

• The single DOSE of the vaccine stimulated a strong and long-lasting neutralizing antibody response for up to 12 months

154. Ectromelia Virus Disease Characterization in the BALB/c Mouse: A Surrogate Model for Assessment of Smallpox Medical Countermeasures.

• Mice were inoculated intranasally with a high lethal DOSE (125 PFU) of ECTV, resulting in complete mortality 10 days after infection

155. Decrease in circulating CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells following vaccination with the candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S.

• Using multi-parameter flow cytometry, we examined responses in 13 malaria naïve adult volunteers who received 2 DOSEs of RTS,S given eight weeks apart
• Five of these volunteers had previously received 3 DOSEs of a candidate DNA-CSP vaccine, with the final DOSE given approximately one year prior to the first DOSE of the RTS,S vaccine

156. Relationship between Vaccine-Induced Antibody Capture of Infectious Virus and Infection Outcomes following Repeated Low-Dose Rectal Challenges with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251.

• We measured the ability of antibodies induced by ALVAC-SIV/gp120 vaccination, given with alum or MF59 adjuvant, to capture infectious SIVmac251 and determined the association between capture and infection outcomes following low-DOSE, repeated rectal challenge of rhesus macaques

157. Highly Immunogenic Trimethyl Chitosan-Based Delivery System for Intranasal Lipopeptide Vaccines against Group A Streptococcus.

• The enhanced vaccine efficacy, lowered DOSE, and simple and cost-effective process of producing the coated nanoliposomes should be particularly useful in developing potent peptide-based vaccines to prevent infections at the mucosal sites.

158. Novel adjuvant Alum-TLR7 significantly potentiates immune response to glycoconjugate vaccines.

• We found that in a mouse model Alum-TLR7 greatly improved potency of a CRM197-MenC vaccine increasing anti-MenC antibody titers and serum bactericidal activity (SBA) against MenC compared to alum adjuvanted vaccine, especially with a low DOSE of antigen and already after a single immunization

159. Diarrheal Diseases Hospitalization in Yemen before and after Rotavirus Vaccination.

• The vaccination course consists of two DOSEs
• The first DOSE is administrated at 6 weeks of age and the second DOSE is completed by 10 weeks

160. Display of ISKNV orf086 protein on the surface of Aeromonas hydrophila and its immunogenicity in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi).

• hydrophila k28 emulsified with ISA763 adjuvant with a DOSE of 9 × 10(8) CFU per fish

161. The impact of assumptions regarding vaccine-induced immunity on the public health and cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination: Is one dose sufficient?

• In the base case that assumed no vaccine-induced IMP, the 2-DOSE hepatitis A vaccination strategy was cost-effective compared with the 1-DOSE strategy over the 3 time horizons
• In the 50- and 75-y horizons, the 2-DOSE strategy was always cost-effective, except when 100% reduction in the probability of icteric Infections, 75% reduction in infectiousness, and mean durations of IMP of at least 50 y were assumed
• This analysis indicates that routine vaccination of toddlers against hepatitis A virus would be cost-effective in Mexico using a single-DOSE vaccination strategy
• However, the cost-effectiveness of a second DOSE depends on the assumptions of additional protection by IMP and the time horizon over which the analysis is performed.

162. Successful comeback of the single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR.

• The oral live cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR (Orochol, Mutachol), the first genetically modified organism (GMO) used as vaccine, was in its time (launched 1993, Switzerland) the ideal cholera vaccine: single-DOSE, protective efficacy of 80-100% against moderate to severe cholera, acting within 8 days and exhibiting excellent safety, indiscernible from placebo
• What had happened? This commentary gives a critical account of an almost unbelievable string of misadventures, emerging adverse circumstances and man-made failures which nearly killed this single-DOSE live oral cholera vaccine

163. [Multiple sclerosis vaccine: possibilities of the use of dendritic cells immunomodulatory potential].

• It was found out that intradermal DOSE of 3 x 10⁶ cells applied to spinal area 6-12

164. Safety Overview of a Recombinant Live-Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine: Pooled Analysis of Data from 18 Clinical Trials.

• Reactogenicity did not increase with successive DOSEs of CYD-TDV
• The frequency and nature of SAEs occurring within 28 days of any DOSE were similar in the CYD-TDV and placebo groups and were common medical conditions that could be expected as a function of age
• In year 3 after DOSE 1, an imbalance for dengue hospitalization, including for severe dengue, observed in participants aged <9 years in the CYD-TDV group compared with the placebo group was not observed for participants aged ≥9 years
• In Year 4, this imbalance in participants aged <9 years was less marked, giving an overall lower risk of dengue hospitalization or severe dengue from DOSE 1 to Year 4 in the CYD-TDV group

165. Protective efficacy by various doses of Salmonella ghost vaccine candidate carrying enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen against neonatal piglet colibacillosis.

• Humoral immune responses and protective efficacy by various DOSEs of Salmonella ghost cells carrying enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) fimbrial antigens for protection against piglet colibacillosis were studied

166. Optimization of efficacy of a live attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum immersion vaccine.

• Rainbow trout (RBT) fry were vaccinated by immersion, and different parameters affecting vaccination such as fish size, vaccine delivery time, DOSE, duration of protection, booster regimes and vaccine growth incubation time were optimized
• Fish vaccinated with higher vaccine DOSEs of ∼10(10) and 10(8) colony forming units mL(-1) (cfu ml(-1)) were strongly protected out to at least 24 weeks with RPS values up to 70%
• Fish vaccinated with lower DOSEs (∼10(6) and 10(5) cfu mL(-1)) had good protection out to 12 weeks, but RPS values dropped to 36% and 34%, respectively by 24 weeks

167. Effect of a booster dose of influenza vaccine in patients with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant recipients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

• We concluded that a booster DOSE of the influenza vaccine did not effectively enhance immunogenicity
• Therefore, a booster DOSE of vaccine is not recommended for patients with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant recipients.

168. Implementing an Ebola Vaccine Study - Sierra Leone.

• Participants were randomized to receive a single intramuscular DOSE of rVSV-ZEBOV at enrollment or to receive a single intramuscular DOSE 18-24 weeks after enrollment

169. Oseltamivir PK/PD Modeling and Simulation to Evaluate Treatment Strategies against Influenza-Pneumococcus Coinfection.

• An increment in DOSE to 150 mg (pandemic regimen) may increase the antiviral efficacy to 49% and the antibacterial efficacy to 16%

170. Safety, immune and clinical responses in metastatic melanoma patients vaccinated with a long peptide derived from indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in combination with ipilimumab.

• It initially responded to high-DOSE parenteral corticosteroids but later relapsed while the patient was admitted to a local hospital, where he died after receiving suboptimal therapy

171. Preclinical evaluation of three polyspecific antivenoms against the venom of Echis ocellatus: Neutralization of toxic activities and antivenomics.

• VINS antivenom neutralized hemorrhagic activity of this venom, but failed to neutralize lethality at the highest antivenom DOSE tested, and had a low neutralizing efficacy against in vitro coagulant effect.

172. Is 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) Combined With 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23) Superior to PPSV23 Alone for Reducing Incidence or Severity of Pneumonia in Older Adults? A Clin-IQ.

• Until recently the recommendation for adult pneumonia vaccination has been a single DOSE of PPSV23 for all adults 65 years and older

173. Efficacy of a potential DNA vaccine encoding Cryptosporidium baileyi rhomboid protein against homologous challenge in chickens.

• Obtained results revealed that this nucleic acid based vaccine could induce antibody responses and peripheral blood T lymphocytes proliferation significantly (P<0.05), while the peripheral blood B lymphocyte proliferation increased significantly (P<0.05) only at a high DOSE of 100μg of pEGFP-CbROM, compared with the PBS control group

174. Protection of Humanized Mice From Repeated Intravaginal HIV Challenge by Passive Immunization: A Model for Studying the Efficacy of Neutralizing Antibodies In Vivo.

• Here we report that passive immunization with the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 protected humanized mice against repetitive intravaginal infection in a DOSE-dependent manner

175. Seven-Year Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine among Young African Children.

• We conducted 7 years of follow-up in children who had been randomly assigned, at 5 to 17 months of age, to receive three DOSEs of either the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine or a rabies (control) vaccine
• A three-DOSE vaccination with RTS,S/AS01 was initially protective against clinical malaria, but this result was offset by rebound in later years in areas with higher-than-average exposure to malaria parasites

176. A phase III clinical study to compare the immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines in men.

• In addition to immune responses to HPV 31/33/45/52/58, a three-DOSE regimen of the 9vHPV vaccine elicited a similar immune response to HPV 6/11/16/18 when compared with the qHPV vaccine in men aged 16-26years

177. [Research progress regarding the clinical evaluation on recombinant human papillomavirus vaccines].

• Immunobriging trials show that the two-DOSE schedule in 9-14 years old girls elicits non-inferior immune response than the three-DOSE one in young adults

178. Dengue vaccines: Are they safe for travelers?

• Which of these vaccines might be useful in protecting travelers against dengue infections and disease? Dengvaxia requires three DOSEs administered over the course of one year but in addition has safety signals suggesting that susceptible individuals should not be vaccinated
• The NIAID vaccine is promising as a travel vaccine as a single DOSE fully protected susceptible adults against live dengue 2 virus challenge

179. Application of mouse model for effective evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.

• Challenge experiments after vaccination using in-house and commercial vaccines demonstrated vaccine-mediated protection in a DOSE-dependent manner

180. Engineered Mesenchymal Cells Improve Passive Immune Protection Against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Exposure.

• The mice were protected against exposure to a lethal DOSE of VEEV by an intramuscular pretreatment injection with engineered HUCPVCs 24 hours or 10 days before exposure, demonstrating both rapid and prolonged immune protection
• The present study is the first to describe engineered MSCs as gene delivery vehicles for passive immunity and supports their utility as antibody delivery vehicles for improved, single-DOSE prophylaxis against endemic and intentionally disseminated pathogens
• The present study has shown, for the first time, that mesenchymal stromal cells are effective gene delivery vehicles that can significantly improve mAb-mediated immune protection in a single, intramuscular DOSE of engineered cells
• Such a cell-based delivery system can provide extended life-saving protection in the event of exposure to biological threats using a more practical, single-DOSE regimen.

181. Single dose denileukin diftitox does not enhance vaccine-induced T cell responses or effectively deplete Tregs in advanced melanoma: immune monitoring and clinical results of a randomized phase II trial.

• To investigate the immunologic effects of denileukin difitox on vaccine-specific immune responses in melanoma, a randomized clinical trial of single DOSE denileukin diftitox prior to vaccination versus vaccination alone in subjects with HLA-A2(+) metastatic melanoma was performed
• Treatment included randomization to a 4-peptide vaccine (Melan-A, gp100, MAGE3 and NA17 with GM-CSF emulsified in Montanide) alone or after single DOSE of denileukin diftitox (18 mcg/kg)
• Vaccine was given every 2 weeks for 3 DOSEs and, absent clinical progression, continued every 2 weeks

182. Protection of rhesus macaques against inhalational anthrax with a Bacillus anthracis capsule conjugate vaccine.

• To broaden protection against possible strains resistant to protective antigen-based vaccines, we previously developed a vaccine in which the anthrax polyglutamic acid capsule was covalently conjugated to the outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis serotype B and demonstrated that two DOSEs of 2.5μg of this vaccine conferred partial protection of rhesus macaques against inhalational anthrax
• Here, we demonstrate complete protection of rhesus macaques against inhalational anthrax with a higher 50μg DOSE of the same capsule conjugate vaccine

183. Circulating follicular T helper cells and cytokine profile in humans following vaccination with the rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine.

• Here, we analyzed human cellular immune responses induced by a single DOSE of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine candidate, which showed significant protective efficacy in endemic populations in Guinea

184. Recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine provides broader spectrum protection.

185. Vaccine Protection of Turkeys Against H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus with a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing the Hemagglutinin Gene of Avian Influenza.

• One-day-old turkeys received a single vaccination and were challenged at 4 wk postvaccination with 2 × 10(6) 50% embryo infectious DOSE per bird

186. Comparative Effectiveness of Two Oil Adjuvant-Inactivated Avian Influenza H9N2 Vaccines.

• The current inactivated H9N2 vaccines (0.5 ml/bird) administered at a reduced DOSE (0.25 ml/bird) do not guarantee the delivery of an effective DOSE for broilers
• In this study, the efficacy of the reduced-DOSE volume (0.3 ml/bird), compared with the regular vaccine DOSE (0.5 ml/bird) of inactivated H9N2 vaccines using two different commercially available adjuvants, was investigated
• At 4 wk PV, both vaccinated groups were challenged using the homologous H9N2 strain at a 50% egg infective DOSE (EID50) of 10(6) EID50/bird via the intranasal route
• The reduced-DOSE volume of vaccine induced a significantly faster and higher immune response than the regular volume of vaccine at 2 and 3 wk PV
• The reduced-DOSE volume of vaccine using a suitable oil adjuvant and proper antigen content can be used effectively for early immunization of broiler chicks.

187. Protective Efficacy of Recombinant Turkey Herpes Virus (rHVT-H5) and Inactivated H5N1 Vaccines in Commercial Mulard Ducks against the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Clade 2.2.1 Virus.

• A 0.3ml/DOSE subcutaneous injection of rHVT-H5 vaccine was administered to one-day-old ducklings (D1) and another 0.5ml/DOSE subcutaneous injection of the inactivated MEFLUVAC was administered at 7 days (D7)

188. Enhanced protective immunity of the chimeric vector-based vaccine rAdV-SFV-E2 against classical swine fever in pigs by a Salmonella bacterial ghost adjuvant.

• From an economical point of view, it will be beneficial to reduce the minimum effective DOSE of the vaccine
• Groups of 5-week-old pigs (n = 4) were immunized intramuscularly twice with 10(5) median tissue culture infective DOSEs (TCID50) rAdV-SFV-E2 combined with 10(10) colony forming units (CFU) BG, 10(6) or 10(5) TCID50 rAdV-SFV-E2 alone or 10(10) CFU BG alone at an interval of 3 weeks, and challenged with the highly virulent CSFV Shimen strain at 1 week post-booster immunization

189. Fractional Third and Fourth Dose of RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Candidate Vaccine: A Phase 2a Controlled Human Malaria Parasite Infection and Immunogenicity Study.

• Three full DOSEs of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine provides partial protection against controlled human malaria parasite infection (CHMI) and natural exposure
• Immunization regimens, including a delayed fractional third DOSE, were assessed for potential increased protection against malaria and immunologic responses
• In a phase 2a, controlled, open-label, study of healthy malaria-naive adults, 16 subjects vaccinated with a 0-, 1-, and 2-month full-DOSE regimen (012M) and 30 subjects who received a 0-, 1-, and 7-month regimen, including a fractional third DOSE (Fx017M), underwent CHMI 3 weeks after the last DOSE
• The fractional DOSE boosting increased antibody somatic hypermutation and avidity and sustained high protection upon rechallenge
• A delayed third fractional vaccine DOSE improved immunogenicity and protection against infection

190. Protective Efficacy Induced by Genetically Attenuated Mid-to-Late Liver-Stage Arresting Plasmodium berghei Δmrp2 Parasites.

• Low-DOSE immunization using 400 PbΔmrp2 sporozoites induced 100% sterile protection in BALB/c mice after IV challenge with 10,000 wild-type sporozoites

191. Tetanus remains a formidable health challenge in Nigeria: The experience from a single Teaching Hospital in Osun State, Nigeria.

• Only one subject was fully vaccinated and received booster DOSE of vaccine

192. Assessment of safety and reproductive performance after vaccination with a modified live-virus PRRS genotype 1 vaccine in pregnant sows at various stages of gestation.

• In conclusion, the administration of a single DOSE of ReproCyc® PRRS EU to sows and gilts at various stages of gestation confirmed non-inferiority to a commercial PRRS vaccine regarding safety and efficacy parameters under field conditions.

193. Extrapolating theoretical efficacy of inactivated influenza A/H5N1 virus vaccine from human immunogenicity studies.

• Hence, determining whether to give one DOSE to more people or two DOSEs to fewer people to best protect the population is essential
• Using an established relationship to obtain a theoretical vaccine efficacy from immunogenicity data from thirteen arms of six phase I and phase II clinical trials of inactivated influenza A/H5N1 virus vaccines, we assessed: (1) the proportion of theoretical vaccine efficacy achieved after a single DOSE (defined as primary response level), and (2) whether theoretical efficacy increases after a second DOSE, with and without adjuvant
• After the first and second DOSEs, vaccine with AS03 at dosage levels 3.75, 7.5 and 15mcg had the highest estimated theoretical vaccine efficacy: DOSE (1) 45% (95% CI: 36-57%), 53% (95% CI: 42-63%) and 55% (95% CI: 44-64%), respectively and DOSE (2) 93% (95% CI: 89-96%), 97% (95% CI: 95-98%) and 97% (95% CI: 96-100%), respectively
• On average, the estimated theoretical vaccine efficacy of lower DOSE adjuvanted vaccines (AS03 and MF59) was 17% higher than that of higher DOSE unadjuvanted vaccines, suggesting that including an adjuvant is DOSE-sparing
• These data indicate adjuvanted inactivated influenza A/H5N1 virus vaccine produces high theoretical efficacy after two DOSEs to protect individuals against a potential avian influenza pandemic.

194. Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of a Live-Attenuated Herpes Zoster Vaccine: A Comprehensive Review.

• Currently, one-DOSE, live-attenuated vaccine is licensed in the United States and Europe to prevent HZ and it is included in some national immunization programs

195. Aeromonas hydrophila OmpW PLGA Nanoparticle Oral Vaccine Shows a Dose-Dependent Protective Immunity in Rohu (Labeo rohita).

• To evaluate the efficacy of the NP-rOmpW oral vaccine, two antigen DOSEs were orally administered in rohu with a high antigen (HiAg) DOSE that had twice the amount of antigens compared to the low antigen (LoAg) DOSE
• Antibody levels obtained after vaccination showed an antigen DOSE dependency in which fish from the HiAg group had higher antibody levels than those from the LoAg group
• hydrophila infection with the level of protective immunity induced by oral vaccination being antigen DOSE-dependent
• Future studies should seek to optimize the antigen DOSE and duration of oral immunization in rohu in order to induce the highest protection in vaccinated fish.

196. [Anti-HBs persistence after revaccination with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine among non-responsive adults: a 4-year of follow-up study].

• Blood samples were collected one month after the third DOSE of primary immunization and tested for anti-HBs using chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
• Then they were revaccinated with three DOSEs of HepB with the same schedule as the primary immunization

197. [Anti-HBs persistence following revaccination with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine among low-responsive adults after primary vaccination: a 4-year follow-up study].

• To assess the 4-year anti-HBs persistence after revaccination with 3-DOSE of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) among low-responsive adults
• Blood samples were collected one month after the third DOSE of primary immunization and tested for anti-HBs using chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
• The 892 low-responders were revaccinated with three DOSEs of HepB at 0-1-6 months schedule and the type of HepB was the same as which was used for primary immunization

198. [Anti-HBs persistence following primary vaccination with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine among normal and high-responder adults: a 3-year follow-up study].

• To assess the 3-year anti-HBs persistence after primary vaccination with three-DOSE of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) among normal and high-responder adults
• Blood samples were collected one month after the third DOSE of primary immunization and tested for anti-HBs using chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)

199. Moving Beyond Autologous Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma: Consolidation, Maintenance, Allogeneic Transplant, and Immune Therapy.

• For multiple myeloma, introduction of novel agents as part of the front-line treatment followed by high-DOSE chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) induces deep responses in a majority of patients with this disease

200. Neutralizing antibody affords comparable protection against vaginal and rectal simian/human immunodeficiency virus challenge in macaques.

• Animals were administered PGT126 at three different DOSEs before challenged either vaginally or rectally with a single DOSE of SHIVSF163P3
• Serological analysis showed similar serum concentrations of PGT126 and serum neutralization titers in animals administered the same antibody DOSE

201. Chicken Anti-Campylobacter Vaccine - Comparison of Various Carriers and Routes of Immunization.

• In this study, we evaluated the protection after one DOSE of vaccine given in ovo

202. Injected phage-displayed-VP28 vaccine reduces shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei mortality by white spot syndrome virus infection.

• Shrimps were injected with 2 × 10(10) cfu animal(-1) single DOSE of VP28-M13 and M13 once and 48 h later intramuscularly challenged with WSSV to test the efficacy of the vaccine against the infection

203. Comparison of 2-Dose and 3-Dose 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Schedules in the United States: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis.

• A recent clinical trial using the 9-valent human papillomavirus virus (HPV) vaccine has shown that antibody responses after 2 DOSEs are noninferior to those after 3 DOSEs, suggesting that 2 and 3 DOSEs may have comparable vaccine efficacy
• We used an individual-based transmission-dynamic model to compare the population-level effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 2- and 3-DOSE schedules of 9-valent HPV vaccine in the United States
• Our model predicts that if 2 DOSEs of 9-valent vaccine protect for ≥20 years, the additional benefits of a 3-DOSE schedule are small as compared to those of 2-DOSE schedules, and 2-DOSE schedules are likely much more cost-efficient than 3-DOSE schedules.

204. Recent advances in immunotherapy for kidney cancer.

• Immunotherapy has been a mainstay of treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) since the introduction of high-DOSE interleukin-2

205. Determinants of default to fully completion of immunization among children aged 12 to 23 months in south Ethiopia: unmatched case-control study.

• Cases were children in the age group of 12 to 23 months old who missed at least one DOSE from the recommended schedule

206. Vertical transmission and fetal damage in animal models of congenital toxoplasmosis: A systematic review.

• Moreover, in most designs tissue cysts - with unknown number of bradyzoites - were used, so actual DOSE could not be established

207. Concurrent SPECT/PET-CT imaging as a method for tracking adoptively transferred T-cells in vivo.

• Indium (In-111) labeled T-cells demonstrated similar or greater viability than unlabeled T-cells at either a low or high DOSE of In-111 over a 24-h incubation period in vitro
• The function of labeled or unlabeled T-cells was not significantly different (p > 0.05) at either DOSE

208. Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccine (Zostavax(®)): A Review in the Prevention of Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia.

• The need for a booster DOSE is still unknown, but a study showed that, if necessary, a booster DOSE administered to adults aged ≥70 years who received their first DOSE of zoster vaccine ≥10 years previously was immunogenic

209. Analysis of the dose-dependent stage-specific in vitro efficacy of a multi-stage malaria vaccine candidate cocktail.

• This follow-up study investigates the effect of antigen DOSE on the in vitro efficacy of the malaria vaccine cocktail using a conventional vaccination scheme (one prime and two boosts) and a human-compatible adjuvant (Alhydrogel(®))
• IgG purified from rabbits immunized with 0.1, 1, 10 or 50 µg DOSEs of the VAMAX vaccine candidate cocktail was analysed for total IgG and antigen-cocktail-specific titers
• Here, the component-specific antibody levels showed clear DOSE dependency whereas the determined stage-specific in vitro IC50 values (as a correlate of efficacy) were only dependent on the titer amounts of stage-specific antibodies
• The stage-specific in vitro efficacy of the VAMAX cocktail strongly correlates with the corresponding antigen-specific titers, which for their part depend on the antigen DOSE, but there is no indication that the DOSE has an effect on the in vitro efficacy of the induced antibodies
• A comparison of these results with those obtained in the previous hyper-immunization study (where higher levels of antigen-specific IgG were observed) suggests that there is a significant need to induce an immune response matching efficacy requirements, especially for a PfAMA1-based blood stage vaccine, by using higher DOSEs, better adjuvants and/or better formulations.

210. Asthma and risk of breakthrough varicella infection in children.

• Of the 330 controls, 80 (24%) had two DOSEs of the varicella vaccine compared with only 23 (14%) of the 165 cases (OR 0.29 [95% CI, 0.14-0.61]; p = 0.001)
• Children with a history of asthma ever had a higher risk of developing breakthrough varicella compared with those without a history of asthma (adjusted OR 1.63 [95% CI, 1.04-2.55]; p = 0.032) when adjusting for elapsed time since the first varicella vaccination and the number of varicella vaccine DOSEs
• Children with asthma should follow the two-DOSE varicella vaccine policy.

211. Thermostabilization of inactivated polio vaccine in PLGA-based microspheres for pulsatile release.

• In order to obtain full protection from many vaccines, an individual needs to receive multiple DOSEs over the course of months
• However, vaccine administration in developing countries is limited by the difficulty in consistently delivering a second or third DOSE, and some vaccines, including the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), must be injected more than once for efficacy
• In one of our top formulations, 1.4, 1.1, and 1.2 DOSEs of the IPV serotype 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were released within the first few days from 50mg of particles
• During the delayed, second burst, 0.5, 0.8, and 0.6 DOSEs of each serotype, respectively, were released; thus, 50mg of these particles released approximately two clinical DOSEs spaced a month apart

212. Factors associated with influenza vaccine uptake during a universal vaccination programme of preschool children in England and Wales: a cohort study.

• Children who received a timely first DOSE of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were twice as likely to receive influenza vaccine (ARR 2.00 95% CI 1.87 to 2.13)

213. Efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative and seropositive calves against respiratory disease.

• For seronegative calves, the test vaccine contained a minimum immunizing DOSE of BHV-1; for seropositive calves, it contained a commercial DOSE of BHV-1
• A single DOSE of this IN vaccine has the potential to protect seronegative calves for at least 193 days and override maternally derived antibody to protect seropositive calves for at least 105 days.

214. A Replication-Defective Human Type 5 Adenovirus-Based Trivalent Vaccine Confers Complete Protection against Plague in Mice and Nonhuman Primates.

• DOSE of the trivalent vaccine (priming) followed by a single i.m
• booster DOSE of the purified YFV antigen
• Immunization of cynomolgus macaques with the trivalent rAd5-YFV vaccine by the prime-boost strategy provided 100% protection against a stringent aerosol challenge DOSE of CO92 to animals that had preexisting adenoviral immunity

215. Impact of maternally derived immunity on piglets' immune response and protection against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) after vaccination against PCV2 at different age.

• Piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly with one DOSE (2 mL) of a commercial PCV2a-based subunit vaccine (Porcilis® PCV)

216. Vaccinating Italian infants with a new multicomponent vaccine (Bexsero®) against meningococcal B disease: A cost-effectiveness analysis.

• In the basal scenarios, we considered a primary vaccination cycle with 4 DOSEs (at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months of age) and 1 booster DOSE at the age of 11 y, the societal perspective and no cost for death

217. Development of varicella vaccine in Japan and future prospects.

• This vaccine was approved in Japan in 1986, and voluntary single-DOSE vaccination for children aged 1 year or older was started in 1987
• At the same time, a two-DOSE schedule was introduced that involved administration of the vaccine twice at an interval of at least 3 months up to the age of 3 years
• We also need to investigate the optimum timing of the second DOSE of the vaccine and the necessity for further booster vaccination

218. Immunogenicity and safety of subunit plague vaccine: A randomized phase 2a clinical trial.

• 240 healthy adults aged 18-55 y were enrolled and randomly assigned at a ratio of 1:1 to receive 2 DOSEs of 15 or 30 mcg vaccine at a 28-day interval between DOSEs
• 239 participants received the first DOSE at day 0 and 238 received the second DOSE at day 28

219. Novel nanocarrier for oral Hepatitis B vaccine.

• This study suggests the efficacy of the current nanocarrier system for efficient antigen presentation disseminated in peripheral lymphoid tissues following oral administration with a prolonged antibody response, which can minimize the requirement of booster DOSE.

220. Evaluation of early immune response-survival relationship in cynomolgus macaques after Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed vaccination and Bacillus anthracis spore challenge.

• The PEP schedule is 3 subcutaneous (SC) DOSEs (0, 14 and 28 days), in conjunction with a 60 day course of antimicrobials
• We determined the efficacy against inhalation anthrax in nonhuman primates (NHP) of the first two DOSEs of the PEP schedule by infectious challenge at the time scheduled for receipt of the third PEP DOSE (Day 28)
• NHP were exposed to Bacillus anthracis Ames spores on Day 28 (target DOSE 200 LD50 equivalents)
• We conclude that the first two DOSEs of the PEP schedule provide high levels of protection by the scheduled timing of the third DOSE

221. Cold chain and virus-free chloroplast-made booster vaccine to confer immunity against different poliovirus serotypes.

• The WHO recommends complete withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) type 2 by April 2016 globally and replacing with at least one DOSE of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
• To meet this critical need, a novel strategy of a low-cost cold chain-free plant-made viral protein 1 (VP1) subunit oral booster vaccine after single IPV DOSE is reported
• Neutralizing antibody titres (~3.17-10.17 log2 titre) and seropositivity (70-90%) against all three poliovirus Sabin serotypes were observed with two DOSEs of IPV and plant-cell oral boosters but single DOSE of IPV resulted in poor neutralization

222. Impact of enterovirus and other enteric pathogens on oral polio and rotavirus vaccine performance in Bangladeshi infants.

• Campylobacter and enterovirus (EV) quantity at the time of administration of the first DOSE of OPV was associated with lower OPV1-2 serum neutralizing titers, while enterovirus quantity was also associated with diminished rotavirus IgA (-0.08 change in log titer per tenfold increase in quantity; P=0.037), failure to seroconvert (OR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64-0.96; P=0.022), and breakthrough rotavirus diarrhea (OR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.05-1.71; P=0.020) after adjusting for potential confounders

223. Immunogenicity of Virus Like Particle Forming Baculoviral DNA Vaccine against Pandemic Influenza H1N1.

• As a result, AcHERV-VLP immunization produced a greater humoral immune response and exhibited neutralizing activity with an intrasubgroup H1 strain (PR8), elicited neutralizing antibody production, a high level of interferon-γ secretion in splenocytes, and diminished virus shedding in the lung after challenge with a lethal DOSE of influenza virus

224. Clinical Trial of an Oral Live Shigella sonnei Vaccine Candidate, WRSS1, in Thai Adults.

• In a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind design, inpatient participants received a single oral DOSE of 1.6 × 10(4) CFU of WRSS1
• Two months following immunization, 10 vaccinees and 10 newly recruited naive controls received a challenge DOSE of 1,670 CFU of virulent S
• This DOSE had previously demonstrated a 75% attack rate for dysentery in Thai volunteers
• When these data are compared to those for the performance of this vaccine candidate in more naive populations, it is clear that a single oral DOSE of WRSS1 at 10(4) CFU failed to achieve its full potential in a population in which the organism is endemic
• Higher DOSEs and/or repeated immunizations may contribute to improved vaccine shedding and consequent elevation of protective immune responses in a population in which the organism is endemic

225. Efficacy of a Single-Dose, Inactivated Oral Cholera Vaccine in Bangladesh.

• A single-DOSE regimen of the current killed oral cholera vaccines that have been prequalified by the World Health Organization would make them more attractive for use against endemic and epidemic cholera
• We conducted an efficacy trial of a single DOSE of the killed oral cholera vaccine Shanchol, which is currently given in a two-DOSE schedule, in an urban area in which cholera is highly endemic
• Nonpregnant residents of Dhaka, Bangladesh, who were 1 year of age or older were randomly assigned to receive a single DOSE of oral cholera vaccine or oral placebo
• A total of 101 episodes of cholera, 37 associated with severe dehydration, were detected among the 204,700 persons who received one DOSE of vaccine or placebo
• A single DOSE of the oral cholera vaccine was efficacious in older children (≥5 years of age) and in adults in a setting with a high level of cholera endemicity

226. Development of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines: A Review of Literature and Clinical Update.

• Recently we have seen development of 2 DOSE vaccine schedule for adolescent, and emerging evidences even point that single DOSE of HPV vaccines can result in high efficacy, this observation is currently under consideration but if accepted will greatly impact vaccination coverage

227. Are we following the guidelines on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer?

• Low risk cancer: Only 35 urologists (7.5%) apply the single intravesical DOSE of immediate chemotherapy with Mitomicin C recommended by the above guidelines
• BCG DOSE raised a lot of discrepancies
• Induction DOSEs of 40, 80 and 120mg were referred by 105 (22%), 193 (40.4%) and 54 (11.3%) respectively
• Maintenance DOSEs of 40, 80 and 120mg were referred by 190 (48.7%), 144 (37.0%) and 32 (8.2%) urologists, respectively

228. Efficacy of the MAGE-A3 cancer immunotherapeutic as adjuvant therapy in patients with resected MAGE-A3-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (MAGRIT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

• The final analyses included the total treated population (all patients who had received at least one treatment DOSE)

229. Safety and early onset of immunity with a novel European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in young piglets.

• In 2 experiments, groups of piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) at approximately 14 d of age with a maximum-range commercial DOSE, an overDOSE, or a placebo in experiment 1 and either a minimum-range commercial DOSE or a placebo in experiment 2

230. Comparison of 2 commercial single-dose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines on pigs dually infected with M. hyopneumoniae and PRRSV.

• The present study demonstrated that the single-DOSE vaccination regimen for M

231. Varicella-zoster virus: pathogenesis, incidence patterns and vaccination programs.

• The use of several millions of DOSEs has demonstrated the excellent safety and efficacy level of varicella vaccines as well as of combined MMRV vaccines
• Universal vaccination adopted in many countries with a two-DOSE strategy has allowed to significantly reducing morbidity and mortality of this infectious disease
• Anyway, an ample international debate is ongoing on the time range to be used between the two DOSEs, and on the safety issues related to the use as first-DOSE of MMRV vaccine

232. Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of a Human Rotavirus Vaccine RIX4414 in Singaporean Infants.

• This was the first study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 2 oral DOSEs of the human rotavirus vaccine, RIX4414 in Singaporean infants during the first 3 years of life
• Healthy infants, 11 to 17 weeks of age were enrolled in this randomised (1:1), double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to receive 2 oral DOSEs of RIX4414 vaccine/placebo following a 0-, 1-month schedule
• Vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis (Vesikari score ≥11) caused by wild-type RV strains from a period starting from 2 weeks post-DOSE 2 until 2 and 3 years of age was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI)
• One to 2 months post-DOSE 2 of RIX4414, 97.5% (95% CI, 86.8 to 99.9) of infants seroconverted for anti-RV IgA antibodies
• The number of serious adverse events recorded from DOSE 1 until 3 years of age was similar in both groups
• Two oral DOSEs of RIX4414 vaccine was immunogenic and provided high level of protection against severe RV gastroenteritis in Singaporean children, during the first 3 years of life when the disease burden is highest.

233. A single injection of anti-HIV-1 antibodies protects against repeated SHIV challenges.

• Although passive transfer of anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies can protect mice or macaques against a single high-DOSE challenge with HIV or simian/human (SIV/HIV) chimaeric viruses (SHIVs) respectively, the long-term efficacy of a passive antibody transfer approach for HIV-1 has not been examined
• Here we show, on the basis of the relatively long-term protection conferred by hepatitis A immune globulin, the efficacy of a single injection (20 mg kg(-1)) of four anti-HIV-1-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (VRC01, VRC01-LS, 3BNC117, and 10-1074 (refs 9 - 12)) in blocking repeated weekly low-DOSE virus challenges of the clade B SHIVAD8

234. Impact of partial bivalent HPV vaccination on vaccine-type infection: a population-based analysis.

• Data on the effectiveness of one DOSE of HPV vaccine are lacking, particularly in population-based settings
• Data from a national HPV immunisation catch-up programme of 14-18-year-old girls were used to assess the effectiveness of<3 DOSEs of the bivalent vaccine on vaccine-type and cross-reactive-type HPV infection
• Cervical samples from women attending for their first cervical smear, which had been genotyped for HPV as part of a longitudinal HPV surveillance programme were linked to immunisation records to establish the number of vaccine DOSEs (0, 1, 2 and 3) administered
• Vaccine effectiveness (VE) adjusted for deprivation and age at first DOSE, was assessed for prevalent HPV 16/18 and HPV 31/33/45 infection
• VE for prevalent HPV 16/18 infection associated with 1, 2 and 3 DOSEs was 48.2% (95% CI 16.8, 68.9), 54.8% (95% CI 30.7, 70.8) and 72.8% (95% CI 62.8, 80.3)
• Consistent with recent aggregated trial data, we demonstrate the potential effectiveness of even one DOSE of HPV vaccine on vaccine-type infection
• Further population-based studies which look at the clinical efficacy of one-DOSE schedules are warranted.

235. Model-based genotype-phenotype mapping used to investigate gene signatures of immune sensitivity and resistance in melanoma micrometastasis.

• Finally, we computationally explored the efficacy of cytokines used as low-DOSE co-adjuvants for the therapeutic anticancer vaccine to overcome tumor immunoresistance.

236. Cost-effectiveness and programmatic benefits of maternal vaccination against pertussis in England.

• The annual costs of the programme are £7.3 million assuming a price of £10 per DOSE and £9.4 million assuming £15 per DOSE
• Using discounting of 3.5%, a 200 year time horizon and a price of £10 per DOSE (+£7.5 administration costs) only 25% of the iterations were below £30,000 per QALY
• The direct protection offered by the maternal DOSE provides the only certain way of protecting vulnerable infants from birth.

237. Cost-utility analysis of a nationwide vaccination programme against serogroup B meningococcal disease in Israel.

• Based on vaccine price of $60 per DOSE, total intervention costs ($315,400,000) are partially offset by a $22,700,000 reduction in treatment and sequelae costs as a result of decreased morbidity
• Additional two DOSE catch-up programmes vaccinating children in cohorts aged 1-2 to 1-13 were also not cost-effective
• The vaccination will become cost-effective if vaccine costs fall below $19.44 per DOSE

238. A phase 1a, first-in-human, randomized study of a respiratory syncytial virus F protein vaccine with and without a toll-like receptor-4 agonist and stable emulsion adjuvant.

• In this double-blind phase 1 study, subjects 60 years of age and older were enrolled by cohort and randomized to receive vaccines containing escalating DOSEs (20, 50, or 80μg) of soluble RSV fusion protein (sF) alone or adjuvanted with 2.5μg of glucopyranosyl lipid A, a toll-like receptor-4 agonist, in 2% stable emulsion (GLA-SE)
• At all DOSEs, the safety profile was acceptable for further development
• Immune responses were antigen DOSE-dependent, and the inclusion of adjuvant increased both humoral and cellular immune responses, with responses statistically higher than for placebo recipients in all 4 assays

239. Associations between prior HPV4 vaccine doses and cervical cancer screening participation.

• This study evaluated associations between prior HPV vaccine DOSEs and initiation and continued participation of screening by age at vaccination
• Screening rates were higher after vaccination: unvaccinated (53%), first (62%), second (59%) or third (61%) DOSEs
• Women receiving one DOSE were more likely than unvaccinated women to initiate screening (HR=2.98 95% Confidence Interval (CI):2.45-3.61) and were more likely to screen than those receiving two (1 vs
• 2, HR=2.94 95% CI:2.09-4.14) or three DOSEs (1 vs
• Compared to unvaccinated women, women <21y who completed 3-DOSEs were 1.8-times more likely to screen at ≥21y, whereas vaccinated women ≥21y were more likely to screen regardless of number of DOSEs (p<0.0001)
• Women who were vaccinated were more likely to screen than unvaccinated women; screening rate was highest after and occurred closest to the first vaccine DOSE
• Research evaluating the efficacy of a one-DOSE vaccine is warranted and may provide both higher vaccination and screening rates.

240. A Randomized Study Comparing the Efficacy of Three Hepatitis B Vaccine Induction Regimens in Adult Patients with Hematological Malignancies.

• In the standard-DOSE (SD) group, total vaccine DOSE delivered was 40 µg and patients were vaccinated with 20 µg at weeks 0 and 4
• In the high-DOSE DOSE-intensive (HDDI) group, total vaccine DOSE delivered was 80 µg and patients were vaccinated with 40 µg at weeks 0 and 4
• In the high-DOSE time-intensive (HDTI) group, total vaccine DOSE delivered was 80 µg and patients were vaccinated with 20 µg at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6
• Therefore, this study supports a high-DOSE, time-intensive HBV vaccine induction regimen in patients with hematological malignancies who are not on chemotherapy.

241. National- and state-level impact and cost-effectiveness of nonavalent HPV vaccination in the United States.

• At the national level, the nonavalent vaccine was shown to be cost-effective compared with the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines at any coverage despite the greater per-DOSE cost of the new vaccine

242. Identification of an OmpW homologue in Burkholderia pseudomallei, a protective vaccine antigen against melioidosis.

• Furthermore C57BL/6 mice were protected for up to 80 days against a lethal DOSE of B

243. Development of Engineered T Cells Expressing a Chimeric CD16-CD3ζ Receptor to Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Mogamulizumab Therapy Against Adult T-Cell Leukemia.

• Subsequently, we examined the ADCC effect mediated by those cCD16ζ-T cells in the presence of Mog against ATL tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo cCD16ζ-T cells derived from healthy donors killed in vitro Mog-opsonized ATL cell line cells (n = 7) and primary ATL cells (n = 4) depending on both the number of effector cells and the DOSE of the antibody

244. Cost-effectiveness of next-generation vaccines: The case of pertussis.

• The MCPI estimates the per-DOSE price increase that would maintain the cost-effectiveness of pertussis vaccination
• As an upper bound, we found that a next-generation vaccine which could achieve perfect efficacy for the childhood series would permit an MCPI of $18 per DOSE (95% CI: $12-$31)
• Pertussis vaccine improvements that extend the duration of protection to an average of 75 years would allow for an MCPI of $22 per DOSE for the childhood series (CI: $10-$33) or $12 for the adult booster (CI: $4-$18)
• Combining improvements in both efficacy and duration, a childhood series with perfect efficacy and average duration of 75 years would permit an MCPI of $39 per DOSE, the highest of any scenario evaluated

245. Projected economic evaluation of the national implementation of a hypothetical HIV vaccination program among adolescents in South Africa, 2012.

• The base-case HIV vaccine modelled cost at US$ 12 per DOSE; vaccine efficacy of 50 %; duration of protection of 10 years achieved at a coverage rate of 60 % and required annual boosters

246. High-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B virus-DNA/hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients after living donor liver transplantation.

• To investigate the impact of high-DOSE hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence and overall survival after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT)
• After assessing whether the patients met the Milan criteria, they were assigned to the low-DOSE HBIG group and high-DOSE HBIG group
• For each pair, HCC recurrence, HBV recurrence and overall survival were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log rank test according to the HBIG DOSE
• Among those who met the Milan criteria, the 6-mo, 1-year, and 3-year HCC recurrence-free survival rates were 88.9%, 83.2%, and 83.2% in the low-DOSE HBIG group and 97.2%, 97.2%, and 97.2% in the high-DOSE HBIG group, respectively (P = 0.042)
• In contrast, among those who did not meet the Milan criteria, HCC recurrence did not differ according to the HBIG DOSE (P = 0.937)
• Moreover, HBV recurrence and overall survival did not differ according to the HBIG DOSE among those who met (P = 0.317 and 0.190, respectively) and did not meet (P = 0.350 and 0.987, respectively) the Milan criteria
• High-DOSE HBIG therapy can reduce HCC recurrence in HBV-DNA/HBeAg-positive patients after LDLT.

247. Approach to the Discovery, Development, and Evaluation of a Novel Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Vaccine.

• Initial clinical studies (Phase 1 and 2) subsequently provided data to support (1) safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine formulation, and (2) the DOSE and schedule

248. Acute systemic DNA damage in youth does not impair immune defense with aging.

• Even the mice that received the highest DOSE of sublethal WBI in youth (4 Gy) exhibited equilibrated lymphocyte homeostasis, robust T- and B-cell responses to live attenuated West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine and full survival following vaccination upon lethal WNV challenge
• Therefore, a single DOSE of nonlethal WBI in youth, resulting in widespread DNA damage and repopulation stress in hematopoietic cells, leaves no significant trace of increased immune aging in a lethal vaccine challenge model.

249. Structure-based design of peptides against HER2 with cytotoxicity on colon cancer.

250. Well-tolerated Spirulina extract inhibits influenza virus replication and reduces virus-induced mortality.

• Anti-viral effects have previously been reported for extracts and specific substances derived from Spirulina, and here we show that this Spirulina cold water extract has low cellular toxicity, and is well-tolerated in animal models at one DOSE as high as 5,000 mg/kg, or 3,000 mg/kg/day for 14 successive days

251. Antitumor Effect of IP-10 by Using Two Different Approaches: Live Delivery System and Gene Therapy.

• tarentolae-(IP-10-EGFP) live delivery system requires DOSE modifications to achieve efficacy in the applied regimen (six injections in 3 weeks)

252. Effectiveness of Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine Under Conditions of Routine Use in Rwanda.

• A full 3-DOSE series was 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31%-91%) effective against rotavirus gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization or a health center visit and was 65% (95% CI, -80% to 93%) in children 6-11 months of age and 81% (95% CI, 25%-95%) in children ≥12 months of age

253. Impact and Effectiveness of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine Against Severe Rotavirus Diarrhea in Ghana.

• Vaccine coverage ranged from 95% to 100% for DOSE 1 and 93% to 100% for DOSE 2
• With high vaccine coverage, it was not possible to arrive at robust VE estimates; any-DOSE VE against rotavirus hospitalization was estimated at 60% (95% CI, -2% to 84%;P= .056)

254. A Preliminary Assessment of Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness in Zambia.

• We computed the odds of having received at least 1 DOSE of Rotarix among children whose stool was positive for rotavirus antigen (cases) and children whose stool was negative (controls)
• Against rotavirus diarrhea of all severity, the adjusted 2-DOSE VE was 26% (95% confidence interval [CI], -30% to 58%) among children ≥6 months of age

255. Effectiveness of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine After Programmatic Implementation in Botswana: A Multisite Prospective Case-Control Study.

• Among 242 case patients and 368 controls, 82% (199/242) and 92% (339/368), respectively, had received ≥1 DOSEs of RV1
• Effectiveness of a full series (2 DOSEs) of RV1 against rotavirus diarrhea requiring hospitalization was 54% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23%-73%); 1 DOSE of RV1 was 48% (95% CI, 1%-72%) effective
• However, the effectiveness of 2 RV1 DOSEs was significantly higher in children with no undernutrition (VE, 75% [95% CI, 41%-89%]), compared to those with moderate or severe undernutrition (VE, -28% [95% CI, -309% to 60%]) (P= .02)

256. Effectiveness of Monovalent and Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccines in Guatemala.

• We assessed vaccine effectiveness against rotavirus in Guatemala, where both the monovalent (RV1; 2-DOSE series) and pentavalent (RV5; 3-DOSE series) vaccines were introduced in 2010
• Effectiveness of 2-3 DOSEs of a rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus requiring emergency department visit or hospitalization was 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 58%-84%) with hospital controls, and 52% (95% CI, 26%-69%) with test-negative controls

257. Herpes Zoster Vaccine Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients on Low-dose Immunosuppression.

• Although the Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that low-DOSE immunosuppression is not a contraindication, few IBD patients on these medications are receiving HZV
• Group A consisted of 14 patients on low-DOSE immunomodulators and group B consisted of 25 patients either on 5-aminosalicylic acid or no IBD therapy
• IBD patients on low-DOSE immunosuppressive therapy have a blunted immune response to HZV as compared with nonimmunosuppressed subjects

258. Estimating the public health importance of the CYD-tetravalent dengue vaccine: Vaccine preventable disease incidence and numbers needed to vaccinate.

• In the Asian-Pacific trial, in the first 25 months after the first DOSE of the dengue vaccine, CYD-TDV prevented annually 2639 cases of virologically confirmed dengue for every 100,000 persons vaccinated, for an NNV of 18

259. Protective effect of vaccination against mumps complications, Czech Republic, 2007-2012.

• In the Czech Republic, two-DOSE immunization against mumps achieves 98% coverage
• Two DOSEs of vaccine received by 81.8% cases significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization: ORa 0.29 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.35)
• Two DOSEs showed statistically significant VEa 64% (95% CI: 46, 79) for meningitis, 93% (95% CI: 66, 98) for encephalitis in all cases, and 72% (95% CI: 64, 78) for orchitis in males
• Among 7850 two-DOSE recipients, the rate of complications rose from below 1 to 16% in categories up to 6 years and 24 and more years after the second DOSE, respectively
• This study demonstrates a significant preventive effect of two-DOSE vaccination against mumps complications (orchitis, meningitis, or encephalitis) and hospitalization for mumps

260. A rabies vaccine adjuvanted with saponins from leaves of the soap tree (Quillaja brasiliensis) induces specific immune responses and protects against lethal challenge.

• Mice were vaccinated with one or two DOSEs (on days 0 and 14) of one of the different vaccines and serum levels of total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a were quantified over time
• A challenge experiment with a lethal DOSE of rabies virus was carried out with the formulations
• Overall, one or two DOSEs of saponin-based vaccine were efficient to protect against the lethal rabies exposure

261. Low-dose oral interferon modulates expression of inflammatory and autoimmune genes in cattle.

• In this proof-of-concept study, different (0, 50, 200 and 800 units) oral DOSEs of natural bovine IFN (type I) were tested in cattle to determine if oral IFN altered the expression of genes that may be pivotal to the development of systemic resistance to viral infections such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)

262. Assessment of the role of international travel and unauthorized immigration on measles importation to the United States.

• Five of these countries (10,958,000 US resident trips) had average first-DOSE measles vaccine coverage below 90%, and five (9,881,000 US resident trips) had average measles incidence over 1 case/100,000 population
• Two of the 10 top US-bound international travellers' home countries (5,597,259 international visitors) had average first-DOSE measles vaccine coverage below 90%, whereas five (13,333,545 international visitors) had average annual measles incidence over 1 case/100,000 population)
• Four of those countries had average first-DOSE measles vaccine coverage below 90% (1.3 million unauthorized immigrants), whereas three of these countries had average measles incidence over 1 case/100,000 population (950,000 unauthorized immigrants)

263. Preventive vaccination against cervical cancer: Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology Guideline.

• We searched and reviewed the literatures focused on the efficacy of 2-DOSE schedule vaccination, the efficacy of 3-DOSE schedule vaccination in middle-aged women, the ideal age of 3-DOSE schedule vaccination, the safety of HPV preventive vaccine, and the ability of cross-protection of each HPV preventive vaccine

264. Fibronectin EDA and CpG synergize to enhance antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic responses.

• Here we show that the endogenous (i.e., autologous) non-toxic TLR4 agonist extra domain A type III repeat of fibronectin (FNIII EDA) can synergize with the exogenous (i.e., bacterial), toxic-at-high-DOSE, TLR9 agonist CpG to induce efficient cellular immune responses while keeping the DOSE of CpG low
• The efficacy of the combined TLR agonists, even at half-DOSEs, led to stronger dendritic cell activation, enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation as well as stronger humoral response, compared to the individual agonists given at full DOSEs

265. Protective immunity spectrum induced by immunization with a vaccine from the TBEV strain Sofjin.

• We showed that after a course of two immunizations, factors such as the period between vaccinations (1-4 weeks), the challenging virus DOSE (30-1000 LD50) and terms of challenge (1-4 weeks after the last immunization) did not significantly affect the assessment of protective efficacy of the vaccine in vivo

266. Construction and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Swinepox Virus Expressing Outer Membrane Protein L of Salmonella.

• After intraperitoneal challenge with a lethal DOSE of Salmonella typhimurium CVCC542, eight out of ten mice in the rSPV-OmpLvaccinated group were protected, whereas all the mice in the negative control and challenge control groups died within 3 days

267. Influence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Glycoprotein Conformation on Induction of Protective Immune Responses.

• Hence, BALB/c mice were immunized with a single DOSE of the three proteins adjuvanted with CpG and challenged 4 weeks later with virus
• Antibodies induced by all DOSEs of prefusion F, in contrast to other F protein forms, reacted predominantly with the prefusion F conformation
• At high DOSEs, prefusion F also induced the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies, and all mice were protected, yet at low DOSEs of the immunogen, these antibodies neutralized virus poorly, and mice were not protected

268. Superior Efficacy of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Combined with Antiretroviral Prevention in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Challenged Nonhuman Primates.

• The vaccine alone provided no protection from infection following 12 consecutive low-DOSE intravaginal challenges with simian-HIV strain SF162P3, with more animals infected compared to naive controls

269. MEASLES IN VACCINATED CHILDREN 1.5 TO 3 YEARS OF AGE IN RURAL COMMUNITY OF DISTRICT PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN.

• One hundred and ninety-two (49.8%) children were vaccinated both at 9 and 15 months, and 14 (7.29%) dual vaccinated children had a measles history, 9 among them (4.68%) were infected after taking both measles DOSEs
• The occurrence of measles among vaccinated children and low coverage rate of second DOSE of measles vaccine raises many questions about vaccination program and its efficacy

270. Epidemiological impact and cost-effectiveness of introducing vaccination against serogroup B meningococcal disease in France.

• Five vaccination strategies were evaluated: infants at 3, 5, 6 and 13 months, toddlers at 13, 15 and 27 months and adolescents at 15 years provided 2 DOSEs one month apart
• A booster DOSE at 15 years old and a catch-up for 15 years old subjects during the first 15 years of the programme were added to the infant and toddler strategies
• In the base-case analysis without herd immunity and with all cohorts vaccinated, at € 40 per vaccine DOSE, routine infant vaccination would provide the lowest cost per QALY gained (€ 380,973) despite only preventing 18% of cases

271. Single-dose Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR Protects Against Human Experimental Infection With Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor.

• Cholera vaccines available in other countries require 2 spaced DOSEs
• A single-DOSE cholera vaccine that can rapidly protect short-notice travelers to high-risk areas and help control explosive outbreaks where logistics render 2-DOSE immunization regimens impractical would be a major advance.PXVX0200, based on live attenuated Vibrio cholerae O1 classical Inaba vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR, elicits seroconversion of vibriocidal antibodies (a correlate of protection) within 10 days of a single oral DOSE
• Consenting healthy adult volunteers, 18-45 years old, were randomly allocated 1:1 to receive 1 oral DOSE of vaccine (approximately 5 × 10(8) colony-forming units [CFU]) or placebo in double-blind fashion
• The significant vaccine efficacy documented 10 days and 3 months after 1 oral DOSE of PXVX0200 supports further development as a single-DOSE cholera vaccine

272. Progress and challenges associated with the development of ricin toxin subunit vaccines.

• The past several years have seen major advances in the development of a safe and efficacious ricin toxin vaccine, including the completion of two Phase I clinical trials with two different recombinant A subunit (RTA)-based vaccines: RiVax™ and RVEc™ adsorbed to aluminum salt adjuvant, as well as a non-human primate study demonstrating that parenteral immunization with RiVax elicits a serum antibody response that was sufficient to protect against a lethal DOSE aerosolized ricin exposure

273. Evaluation of the immunogenicity of the 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with etanercept.

• All subjects were vaccinated with a single DOSE (0.5ml) of the PCV13

274. A plant-derived quadrivalent virus like particle influenza vaccine induces cross-reactive antibody and T cell response in healthy adults.

• In a phase 1-2 clinical trial, healthy adults received one intramuscular DOSE of a seasonal influenza plant-based quadrivalent virus-like particle (QVLP) vaccine or placebo
• The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers met all the European licensure criteria for the type A influenza strains at the 3μg/strain DOSE and for all four strains at the higher dosages 21days after immunization

275. Phase I study with ONCOS-102 for the treatment of solid tumors - an evaluation of clinical response and exploratory analyses of immune markers.

• The objectives of the study were to determine the optimal DOSE for further use and to assess the safety, tolerability and adverse event (AE) profile of ONCOS-102
• The study was conducted using a classic 3 + 3 DOSE escalation study design involving 12 patients
• Patients were repeatedly treated intratumorally with ONCOS-102 plus daily low-DOSE oral cyclophosphamide (CPO)
• No DOSE limiting toxicity (DLT) or maximum tolerated DOSE (MTD) was identified for ONCOS-102
• ONCOS-102 is safe and well tolerated at the tested DOSEs
• All three examined DOSEs may be used in further development

276. Immunodynamics: a cancer immunotherapy trials network review of immune monitoring in immuno-oncology clinical trials.

• Specifically, systemic and intratumoral immune effects have not consistently correlated with standard relationships between systemic DOSE, toxicity, and efficacy for cytotoxic therapies
• Hence, PK and PD paradigms remain inadequate to guide the selection of DOSEs and schedules, both starting and recommended Phase 2 for immunotherapies

277. Replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors expressing guinea pig cytomegalovirus gB and pp65 homologs are protective against congenital guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection.

• The vaccines were administered three times IM at 1.54 × 10(6)FFU per DOSE at 21-day intervals

278. Use of allicin as feed additive to enhance vaccination capacity of Clostridium perfringens toxoid in rabbits.

• perfringens toxoid at zero time and then with a booster DOSE at the 3rd week of the experimental period
• perfringens toxoid at the zero time then with a booster DOSE at the 3rd week of the experiment period, and treated with allicin 20% from the zero time till the end of the experiment

279. Safety and efficacy of tuberculin skin testing with microneedle MicronJet600™ in healthy adults.

280. A cationic liposome-DNA complexes adjuvant (JVRS-100) enhances the immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy of pre-pandemic influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in ferrets.

• Following a second DOSE of adjuvanted vaccine, HAI antibody titers of ≥ 40 were detected against viruses from multiple H5N1 clades
• All ferrets that received two DOSEs of adjuvanted vaccine exhibited mild illness, significantly reduced nasal wash virus titers and protection from lethal challenge

281. The measles outbreak in Bulgaria, 2009-2011: An epidemiological assessment and lessons learnt.

• Of children 1-14 years old, 22% (n = 1,769) were unvaccinated and 70% (n = 5,518) had received one DOSE of a measles-containing vaccine

282. Household survey analysis of the impact of comprehensive strategies to improve the expanded programme on immunisation at the county level in western China, 2006-2010.

• Timely coverage of four routine vaccines increased by 21% (p<0.001) and hepatitis B (HepB) birth DOSE by 35% (p<0.001) over baseline in project counties

283. Individualized conditioning regimes in cord blood transplantation: Towards improved and predictable safety and efficacy.

• Individualized dosing takes inter-patient differences in PK into account, tailoring drug DOSE for each individual patient in order to reach optimal exposure
• DOSE individualization may result in a better predictable regimen in terms of safety and efficacy, including timely T cell reconstitution, which may result in improved survival chances

284. Evaluation of the Intussusception Risk after Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccination in Finnish Infants.

• By the end of 2013, it is estimated that 719 000 rotavirus vaccine DOSEs have been given in the national programme of which 240 000 were first DOSEs
• We identified 22 verified cases with date of admission less than 43 days after any of the three rotavirus vaccine DOSEs
• The incidence of IS in the risk period after the 1st DOSE relative to the control period was 2.0 (95% CI 0.5-8.4; p = 0.34.) Number of excess IS cases per 100 000 first vaccine DOSEs was therefore estimated to be 1.04 (95% CI 0.0-2.5), i.e
• one additional IS case per 96 000 first DOSEs of rotavirus vaccine (95% CI 54 600 to ∞)
• There was no risk detected after 2nd and 3rd DOSEs

285. Influenza Vaccination Reduces Dementia Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

• Regardless of comorbidities or drug use, influenza vaccination was an independent protective factor and DOSE-dependently reduced the risk of dementia in CKD patients
• Influenza vaccination exerts DOSE-response and synergistic protective effects against dementia in CKD patients with dementia risk factors by reducing the incidence of dementia.

286. Maternal Immunization With an Investigational Trivalent Group B Streptococcal Vaccine: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

• Secondary outcomes included measurement of serotype-specific antibodies at screening, 30 days postvaccination, at delivery, and 91 days postpartum, infant antibody levels at 3 months of age, the potential effect on routine infant diphtheria vaccination at 1 month after the third infant series DOSE, and safety in mother and infant participants through at least 5 months postpartum

287. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell sensitivity to Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocyte-mediated killing is increased by zoledronate.

288. Adolescents' intention and self-efficacy to follow Pap testing recommendations after receiving the HPV vaccine.

• Women 13-21 y of age (N = 339) receiving their first HPV vaccine DOSE completed a survey

289. Less than 3 doses of the HPV vaccine - Review of efficacy against virological and disease end points.

• World Health Organization (WHO) recommended 2 DOSEs of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for girls below 15 y on the basis of the immune-bridging studies demonstrating non-inferior immune response of 2 DOSEs in the adolescent girls compared to 3 DOSEs in the young adult women in whom the efficacy against disease is established
• The biological nature of the antigens (virus-like particles) constituting the HPV vaccine is responsible for the vigorous antibody response that may make the third DOSE redundant
• The protection offered by 2 DOSEs has been demonstrated in non-randomized clinical trials to be comparable to that offered by 3 DOSEs against incident and persistent infections of vaccine targeted HPV types
• However, results emerging from the ecological and nested case-control studies embedded in the population based screening programs of different countries indicate reduced efficacy of 2 DOSEs against virological and disease end points
• Some recent studies observed the protective effect of single DOSE of the vaccine against incident and persistent infections of the vaccine targeted HPV types to be similar to 3 DOSEs in spite of immunological inferiority
• Longer follow ups of the less than 3 DOSEs cohorts in the ongoing studies as well as appropriately designed and ethically justifiable randomized studies are needed to establish the protection offered by the alternative schedules at least beyond 10 y of vaccination.

290. Immunogenicity and safety of quadrivalent human papillomavirus types 6/11/16/18 recombinant vaccine in chronic kidney disease stage IV, V and VD.

• Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of three DOSEs of quadrivalent HPV-6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccination, at Day 0, Month 2 and Month 6, to lower the occurrence of HPV infection and its complications
• A DOSE of vaccine was given at Day 0, Month 2 and Month 6
• Each DOSE contained 20 μg HPV-6 L1 VLP, 40 μg HPV-11 L1 VLP, 40 μg HPV-16 L1 VLP and 20 μg HPV-18 L1 VLP, along with 225 μg of amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate adjuvant
• Patients who received three DOSEs of vaccine had 98.2, 100, 100 and 98.2% seropositivity for genotypes 6/11/16/18, respectively

291. Quantitative Detection of the Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O 146S Antigen for Vaccine Production Using a Double-Antibody Sandwich ELISA and Nonlinear Standard Curves.

• But it still needs to be prospectively validated by analyzing a new vaccine preparation and determining the proper protective DOSE followed by an in vivo vaccination-challenge study to confirm the ELISA findings.

292. Effect of tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine on immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in healthy individuals with insufficient immune response.

• The control group received 40 μg of recombinant HBV vaccines intramuscularly injected at 0, 1, and 6 months; however, the intervention group was simultaneously vaccinated by Td with the first DOSE of HBV vaccine

293. Sci-B-VacTM Vs ENGERIX-B Vaccines for Hepatitis B Virus in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

• The vaccines were administered in three DOSEs at 0, 1, and 6 months
• The primary endpoint was defined as the titre of anti-hepatitis B S [HBs] antibodies following the standard three-DOSE hepatitis B virus vaccination schedule

294. Effect of vaccination age on cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination against cervical cancer in China.

• This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a 3-DOSE bivalent HPV vaccination at ages 12 to 55 year in both rural and urban settings in China

295. Phase 1/2a Trial of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Candidate VMP001/AS01B in Malaria-Naive Adults: Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy.

• We conducted a first-in-human Phase 1 DOSE escalation vaccine study with controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) of VMP001 formulated in the GSK Adjuvant System AS01B

296. [A cost-effectiveness analysis on universal infant rotavirus vaccination strategy in China].

• From the perspective of health economics, both two-DOSE Rotarix vaccine and three-DOSE' s Rotateq vaccine programs were highly cost-effective, when compared to the non-vaccination program
• Rotateq vaccine required one more DOSE than the Rotarix vaccine, to be effective

297. Cost-Effectiveness of Vaccinating Immunocompetent ≥65 Year Olds with the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in England.

• The associated cost-effectiveness ratio is £257,771 per QALY gained (using list price of £49.10 per DOSE and £7.51 administration costs) and is therefore considered not cost-effective
• To obtain a cost-effective programme the price per DOSE would need to be negative

298. Poor Long-Term Efficacy of Prevnar-13 in Sickle Cell Disease Mice Is Associated with an Inability to Sustain Pneumococcal-Specific Antibody Titers.

• However, after three intramuscular polysaccharide-conjugate vaccinations, all control mice were protected following high-DOSE intranasal infection, whereas 60% of SCD mice died

299. Effect of Previous-Year Vaccination on the Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety of High-Dose Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults.

• High-DOSE inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV-HD) is an alternative to the standard-DOSE inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV-SD) in the United States for influenza prevention in older adults

300. Complete Influenza Vaccination Trends for Children Six to Twenty-Three Months.

• Depending on a child's age and previous influenza vaccination history, they are recommended to receive either 1 DOSE or 2 DOSEs of influenza vaccine to be considered fully vaccinated against influenza for the season
• We compared estimates of full (complete) influenza vaccination coverage of children 6 to 23 months across 10 consecutive influenza seasons (2002-2012), by race/ethnicity, age group, and by number of DOSEs required to be fully vaccinated given child's vaccination history
• For all 10 influenza seasons, full influenza vaccination coverage was higher among children requiring only 1 DOSE compared with those requiring 2 DOSEs

301. A cluster randomized controlled trial comparing relative effectiveness of two licensed influenza vaccines in US nursing homes: Design and rationale.

• Four-fold higher vaccine antigen (high-DOSE) than in the standard adult vaccine (standard-DOSE) elicits higher serum antibody levels and antibody response in ambulatory elderly
• To describe the design considerations of a large clinical trial of high-DOSE compared to standard-DOSE influenza vaccine in nursing homes and baseline characteristics of participating nursing homes and long-stay (more than 90 days) residents over 65 years of age
• The high-DOSE influenza vaccine intervention trial is multifacility, cluster randomized controlled trial with a 2×2 factorial design that compares hospitalization rates, mortality, and functional decline among long-stay nursing home residents in facilities randomized to receive high-DOSE versus standard-DOSE influenza vaccine and also randomized with or without free staff vaccines provided by study organizers
• Between February and September 2013, the high-DOSE influenza vaccine trial recruited and randomized 823 nursing homes
• This high-DOSE influenza vaccine trial uniquely offers a paradigm for future studies of clinical and programmatic interventions within the framework of efforts designed to test the impact of changes in usual treatment practices adopted by health care systems

302. Immunoprotective Efficacy of Acinetobacter baumannii Outer Membrane Protein, FilF, Predicted In silico as a Potential Vaccine Candidate.

• Immunization with FilF generated high antibody titer (>64,000) and provided 50% protection against a standardized lethal DOSE (10(8) CFU) of A

303. Venom conjugated polylactide applied as biocompatible material for passive and active immunotherapy against scorpion envenomation.

• Residual toxicities are evaluated following injections of PLA-containing high DOSEs of AahG50 (or BotG50)
• Six months later, immunized mice are challenged subcutaneously with increased DOSEs of AahG50
• Subcutaneous lethal DOSE 50 (LD50) of AahG50 and BotG50 is of 575 μg/kg and 1300 μg/kg respectively
• Alhydrogel and Freund are not able to detoxify such a high DOSE
• Animals immunized with AahG50/PLA are protected against AahG50 injected DOSE of 3162 μg/kg as opposed all non-immunized mice died at this DOSE

304. Cost-effectiveness analysis of universal maternal immunization with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in Brazil.

• Economic evaluation using a decision tree model comparing two strategies: (1) universal vaccination with one DOSE of Tdap in the third trimester of pregnancy and (2) current practice (no pertussis maternal vaccination), from the perspective of the health system and society
• Maternal vaccination of one annual cohort, with vaccine effectiveness of 78%, and vaccine cost of USD$12.39 per DOSE, would avoid 661 cases and 24 infant deaths of pertussis, save 1800 years of life and cost USD$28,942,808 and USD$29,002,947, respectively, from the health system and societal perspective

305. The oral cholera vaccine Shanchol™ when stored at elevated temperatures maintains the safety and immunogenicity profile in Bangladeshi participants.

• Four groups of healthy adult participants received two DOSEs of Shanchol™, kept under standard storage temperature (Group A; 2-8°C) or at elevated temperatures (Group B, 25°C; Group C, 37°C; Group D, 42°C) for 14 days, respectively
• Vibriocidal antibody responses were observed in all groups after each DOSE of vaccine at day 7 and 21 compared to pre-immune levels (P<0.001)

306. Factors influencing completion of multi-dose vaccine schedules in adolescents: a systematic review.

• Completion of multiple DOSE vaccine schedules is crucial to ensure a protective immune response, and maximise vaccine cost-effectiveness
• This study identifies and summarises the literature on factors affecting completion of multi-DOSE vaccine schedules by adolescents
• Studies with analysis of factors predicting completion of multi-DOSE vaccines were included
• The defined outcome was completion of the vaccine series within 1 year among those who received the first DOSE

307. A Systematic Approach towards Optimizing a Cohabitation Challenge Model for Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).

• The challenge DOSE was estimated at 1x10(7) TCID50/mL per fish while the proportion of virus shedders was estimated at 12.5% of the total number of fish per tank

308. A phase I/IIa clinical trial in stage IV melanoma of an autologous tumor-dendritic cell fusion (dendritoma) vaccine with low dose interleukin-2.

• There was OS advantage for NED stage IV patients, those receiving higher number of DOSEs and increased frequency

309. Triple peptide vaccination as consolidation treatment in women affected by ovarian and breast cancer: Clinical and immunological data of a phase I/II clinical trial.

• Patients were subjected to 6 DOSEs of vaccine every two weeks and a recall DOSE after 3 months

310. Low antibody titers 5 years after vaccination with the CYD-TDV dengue vaccine in both pre-immune and naïve vaccinees.

• Depending on the age group, 57-84% of the participants initially generated a neutralizing antibody titer ≥ 10 to all 4 DENV serotypes 28 d after the third and final DOSE
• We observed very low antibody titers in blood samples collected from 23 vaccinees 5 y after the first DOSE, particularly titers of antibodies binding to virus particles compared with those binding to recombinant E protein

311. Efficacy, Safety, and Dose of Pafuramidine, a New Oral Drug for Treatment of First Stage Sleeping Sickness, in a Phase 2a Clinical Study and Phase 2b Randomized Clinical Studies.

312. Averting a malaria disaster: will insecticide resistance derail malaria control?

• World Malaria Day 2015 highlighted the progress made in the development of new methods of prevention (vaccines and insecticides) and treatment (single DOSE drugs) of the disease

313. Development of a cost-effective vaccine candidate with outer membrane vesicles of a tolA-disrupted Shigella boydii strain.

• Six to seven weeks old BALB/c mice, immunized with 25 μg of three oral DOSEs of the vesicles, released by tolA mutant, conferred 100% protection against lethal homologous challenge through nasal route, compared to only 60% protection after the same DOSE of wild type immunogen

314. Risk factors for measles in children aged 8 months-14 years in China after nationwide measles campaign: A multi-site case-control study, 2012-2013.

• Endemic measles persists in China, despite >95% reported coverage of two measles-containing vaccine DOSEs and nationwide campaign that vaccinated more than 100 million children in 2010
• The calculated VE was 91.9-96.1% for a single DOSE of MCV and 96.6-99.5% for 2 DOSEs

315. Spanish multicentre PIBHE study: Prevalence and immunization of chronic hepatitis B in haemodialysis patients in Spain.

• A total of 72.7% of patients had received a vaccination course; 26.4%, 2 cycles; 1.0%, 3 cycles; and 11.6%, a booster DOSE
• The highest probability of an immune response was achieved with 4 DOSEs of 40 mcg of adjuvanted vaccine (OR: 7.3; 95% CI 3.4 to 15.7), for the same age and number of cycles and boosters
• Age, adjuvanted vaccine, DOSE and vaccination schedule influenced the immune response and the anti-HBs titres reached (P<.05)

316. Evaluation of Immune Response Against Inactivated Avian Influenza (H9N2) Vaccine, by Using Chitosan Nanoparticles.

• For measurement of vaccine-antibody response, different types of CNP were injected intramuscularly, in a single DOSE, to 21-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens
• The AIV loaded into CNP vaccines induce appropriate antibody titers, after a single immunization, while requiring a low DOSE of antigen

317. Mycobacterium phlei cell wall-nucleic acid complex in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer unresponsive to bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

• The clinical experience remains limited and the optimal therapeutic regimen (DOSE, frequency) have not been firmly established

318. One year duration of immunity of the modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 and bovine herpesvirus-1 fractions of Vista® Once SQ vaccine.

• For all three studies, calves were administered a single DOSE of vaccine or placebo vaccine subcutaneously, and were challenged with one of the three virulent viruses at least one year following vaccination

319. No Shot: US Vaccine Prices And Shortages.

• There were no shortages of vaccines with a mean price per DOSE greater than $75 during the study period

320. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Haiti: A cross-sectional serosurvey.

• While hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in Haiti as part of a combined pentavalent vaccine in 2012, a birth DOSE is not yet included in the immunization schedule
• Introduction of a universal birth DOSE of hepatitis B vaccine might help prevent perinatal HBV transmission.

321. [Persistence of immune memory to hepatitis B vaccine among infants with normal or high antibody response to primary vaccination: a five-year following-up study].

• Those whose anti-HBs titers were low than protective level (10 mIU/ml) were given a challenge DOSE of hepatitis B vaccine and titers of anti-HBs were detected 14 days after the challenge
• The seroconversion rate and GMT of anti-HBs after the challenge DOSE were 98.95% (757/765) and 2 811.69 mIU/ml [95% Confidence Interval (CI) :2 513.55-3 145.19 mIU/ml] , respectively
• Results from the multivariable analysis showed that gender, premature birth and birth weight were factors insignificantly associated with the anti-HBs titers after the DOSE of challenge, while the anti-HBs levels were independently associated with the levels of anti-HBs titer after the challenge [OR = 1.001 (95%CI: 1.000-1.002) , P<0.001; OR=1.28 (95%CI: 1.81-1.39) , P<0.001]at the following-up periods
• The intensity of immune memory might be associated with the anti-HBs titer after primary vaccination as well as the anti-HBs titers before the challenge DOSE was given.

322. Knowledge about Human Papillomavirus and Time to Complete Vaccination among Vulnerable Female Youth.

• To examine the association of knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) on the time to completion of the 3-DOSE quadrivalent vaccine series in an inner-city population of adolescent female subjects at high risk for infection
• Multivariate Cox regression was used to examine the association between level of knowledge about HPV and time to completion (in days) of vaccine DOSE 1-3, DOSE 1-2, and DOSE 2-3
• Overall time to completion of the 3-DOSE vaccine ranged from 158 days to 1114 days
• Participants in the high knowledge group (top quartile) were significantly more likely to complete the 3-DOSE series earlier (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.03-2.77; P = .04), in particular DOSEs 2-3 (hazard ratio 1.71, 95% CI 1.02-2.89; P = .04), than those with low-to-moderate knowledge (bottom 3 quartiles)
• These findings suggest that knowledge of HPV is associated with shorter time to complete the 3-DOSE HPV vaccine series

323. Factors Associated with Parental Refusal of Routine Vaccination in the Czech Republic.

• The most often refused vaccines in the prevalence study were hexavaccine (1st DOSE) and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (1st DOSE)

324. Post-introduction economic evaluation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Ecuador, Honduras, and Paraguay.

• At a cost of US$ 16 per DOSE, the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted for the 10-valent PCV (PCV10) and the 13-valet PCV (PCV13) ranged from US$ 796 (Honduras) to US$ 1 340 (Ecuador) and from US$ 691 (Honduras) to US$ 1 166 (Ecuador) respectively
• At a reduced price (US$ 7 per DOSE), the cost per DALY averted ranged from US$ 327 (Honduras) to US$ 528 (Ecuador) and from US$ 281 (Honduras) to US$ 456 (Ecuador) for PCV10 and PCV13 respectively

325. Persistence of Anti-HBs Among Palestinian Medical Students After 18 - 22 Years of Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study.

• The Palestinian and Israeli official policies to give a booster DOSE for risk groups like medical students at anti-HBs level below 10 mIU/mL should continue to ensure absolute protection

326. Metronomic Doses of Temozolomide Enhance the Efficacy of Carbon Nanotube CpG Immunotherapy in an Invasive Glioma Model.

327. Potentiation of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide on the immune response and protection elicited by a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus glycoprotein 5 subunit in pigs.

• Titers of specific anti-highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) ELISA antibody and neutralizing antibody were significantly higher in pigs from the groups inoculated with medium- and high-DOSE TPPPS (mTPPPS, hTPPPS) adjuvant co-administered with a recombinant HP-PRRSV glycoprotein 5 subunit (GP5) than those from other groups (P < 0.05)
• The low-DOSE TPPPS (lTPPPS) adjuvant also exhibited enhancement effects on humoral immune and T lymphocyte proliferation responses but these were significantly lower than the mTPPPS and hTPPPS DOSEs (P < 0.05)
• In conclusion, moderate DOSEs of TPPPS as an adjuvant with GP5 show promise as a candidate for a HP-PRRSV subunit vaccine to efficiently prevent and control HP-PRRSV.

328. Nanomaterial-dependent immunoregulation of dendritic cells and its effects on biological activities of contraceptive nanovaccines.

• Nanovaccines could be effectively engulfed by dendritic cells (DCs) via endocytosis in both DOSE and time dependent manners, and their intracellular trafficking was closely related to the pH-sensitivity of the carrier materials

329. A sequential logit model of caretakers' decision to vaccinate children for the human papillomavirus virus in the general population.

• Utilizing Andersen's health care beliefs model, we explored the sequential nature of the decision to vaccinate (i.e., the decision to receive the first, second, and third DOSE), thereby allowing the independent variables to vary across each transition
• Predisposing factors, such as being Hispanic (OR=1.9) and child age (OR=1.4), significantly predicted the decision to receive the first DOSE but enabling factors, such as having a regular physician (OR=4.5) and income (OR=.74) were more important for predicting completion

330. Effect of the adjuvanted (AS03) A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine on the risk of rejection in solid organ transplant recipients in England: a self-controlled case series.

• Occurrence of SOT rejection during risk (30 and 60 days after any Pandemrix DOSE) and control periods

331. Combination of Intravesical Chemotherapy and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Versus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Monotherapy in Intermediate- and High-risk Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

• In subgroup analysis, a significant reduction in recurrence was found in studies that explored the influence of a perioperative single DOSE instillation compared with delayed BCG monotherapy (HR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.92; P = 0.021)
• Better efficacy for a perioperative single DOSE instillation compared with delayed BCG monotherapy was found in this meta-analysis.

332. Continuous cell lines from the Muscovy duck as potential replacement for primary cells in the production of avian vaccines.

• Because poultry vaccines are usually given to birds with a short life span, very low production cost per DOSE is one important challenge
• Other hurdles are to ensure a consistent and reliable supply of very large number of DOSEs, and to have flexible production processes to accommodate a range of different pathogens and dosage requirements

333. One Dose of Staphylococcus aureus 4C-Staph Vaccine Formulated with a Novel TLR7-Dependent Adjuvant Rapidly Protects Mice through Antibodies, Effector CD4+ T Cells, and IL-17A.

• A rapidly acting, single DOSE vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus would be highly beneficial for patients scheduled for major surgeries or in intensive care units
• We conclude that single DOSE 4C-Staph/T7-alum vaccine promptly and efficiently protected mice against S

334. Provider communication and HPV vaccination: The impact of recommendation quality.

• Separate multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between recommendation quality and HPV vaccine initiation (≥ 1 DOSE), follow through (3 DOSEs, among initiators), refusal, and delay

335. BCG vaccine for immunotherapy in warts: is it really safe in a tuberculosis endemic area?

• We present a series of seven cases treated with BCG immunotherapy wherein a single DOSE of BCG caused regression of wart in 85.7% patients and complete resolution was evident in 28.6% patients

336. Cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination regime: comparing twice versus thrice vaccinations dose regime among adolescent girls in Malaysia.

• The current implementation age of HPV vaccination in Malaysian is at the age of 13 years school girls, given according to a 3 DOSEs protocol which may complicate implementation and compliance
• Aim of the study is to determine the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination regime comparing twice versus thrice HPV vaccinations DOSE regime among adolescent girls in Malaysia
• Vaccine effectiveness was based on overall efficacy reported from 3-DOSEs clinical trials, with the assumption that the 2-DOSEs is non-inferior to the 3-DOSEs allowing overall efficacy to be inferred from the 3-DOSEs immunogenicity data
• The sensitivity analysis on cost of vaccine, vaccine coverage and discount rate with a 2-DOSEs protocol was performed
• The 3-DOSEs and 2-DOSEs regimes showed same number of Cervical Cancers averted (361 cases); QALYs saved at 7,732,266
• However, the lifetime protection under the 2-DOSEs regime, showed a significant cost-savings of RM 36, 722,700 compared to the 3-DOSEs scheme
• The MOH Malaysia could vaccinate 137,025 more girls in this country using saving 2-DOSEs regime vaccination programme
• The model predicted that 2-DOSEs HPV vaccination schemes can avoid additional 180 Cervical Cancers and 63 deaths compare to 3-DOSEs
• A 2-DOSEs HPV vaccination scheme may enable Malaysian women to be protected at a lower cost than that achievable under a 3-DOSEs scheme, while avoiding the same number of Cervical Cancer cases and deaths
• Using the saving money with 2-DOSEs, more Cervical Cancers and deaths can be avoided.

337. H7N9 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Is Highly Immunogenic, Prevents Virus Replication, and Protects Against Severe Bronchopneumonia in Ferrets.

• A single- and two-DOSE strategy provided complete protection against severe pneumonia and prevented virus replication
• The protective effect of the two-DOSE strategy appeared better than the single DOSE only on the microscopic level in the lungs

338. [Mumps outbreak in the Plzeň Region in 2011].

• To estimate the vaccination coverage rate, the numbers of single-DOSE or two-DOSE recipients are related to the number of children registered in a given year
• At the six to ten-month interval, as laid down by the legislation, the second DOSE of the vaccine was only given to 83.6 % of the patients
• The screening method showed a high efficacy of the vaccine in the age group 20-25 years (97.6% in two-DOSE recipients), declining to 29.6% in the most affected age group of 15-19 years
• To make the favourable epidemiological situation with occasional local outbreaks continue, the high two-DOSE vaccine coverage rate needs to be maintained.

339. Ultra low dose aerosol challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to divergent outcomes in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques.

• The use of high DOSE challenge for measurement of efficacy in Non-human primate models brings the risk that vaccines with the potential to be efficacious against natural challenge could appear ineffective and thus disregarded
• This study has established that ultra-low DOSE infection of macaques via the aerosol route can be reproducibly achieved and provides the first description of the development of TB disease in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques following exposure to estimated retained DOSEs in the lung of less than 10 CFU of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• The ability to deliver reproducible ultra-low DOSE aerosols to macaques will enable the development of refined models of M

340. Characterization of IgA1 protease as a surface protective antigen of Streptococcus suis serotype 2.

• The present study found evidence that immunization with purified recombinant IgA1 protease (600-1926aa) could induce high IgG antibody titers and could confer complete protection against a challenge with a lethal DOSE of SS2 in a mouse model

341. Stability and efficacy of the 3'-UTR A4G-G5A variant of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) as a live attenuated immersion VHSV vaccine in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

• The relative percent survival (RPS) in immunized groups ranged from 81.6% to 100%, correlating with vaccination DOSE

342. DC targeting DNA vaccines induce protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity in mice.

• The existing tumors were eradicated by treatment with scFv(N418)-HER2 combined with low-DOSE cyclophosphamide (CTX), which can make a temporary regulatory T cells (Treg) depletion
• What's more, in combination with the low-DOSE CTX, vaccination with scFv(N418)-neu significantly retarded the development of spontaneous mammary carcinomas in transgenic BALB-neuT mice

343. Primary seroresponses to double-dose compared with standard-dose hepatitis B vaccination in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

• Clinical guidelines recommend double-DOSE hepatitis B vaccination for patients requiring dialysis, due to an increased risk of hepatitis B infection and reduced vaccine responsiveness
• We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing efficacy (seroresponses) and harms of double-DOSE compared with standard-DOSE hepatitis B vaccination in patients with CKD, including those requiring dialysis
• The incidence of seroconversion was not increased with double-DOSE vaccination overall [risk ratio (RR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98-1.39], by dialysis requirement or vaccine type
• The incidence of seroprotection (reported by only four studies) was increased with double-DOSE vaccination overall (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.17-2.00) but not by dialysis requirement
• The current data do not support clinical guideline recommendations for administering double-DOSE vaccination for patients with CKD as seroconversion was not improved and seroprotection was inadequately assessed

344. Correlates of Protection against Influenza in the Elderly: Results from an Influenza Vaccine Efficacy Trial.

• A recent vaccine efficacy trial comparing standard-DOSE with high-DOSE inactivated influenza vaccine in persons 65 years of age and older provided the opportunity to examine the relationship between values of three immunologic assays and protection against community-acquired A/H3N2 influenza illness
• The high-DOSE vaccine induced significantly higher antibody titers than the standard-DOSE vaccine for all assays

345. Timothy grass pollen therapeutic vaccine: optimal dose for subcutaneous immunotherapy.

• To establish the optimal DOSE of Phleum pratense subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with/without asthma
• After 17 weeks, a DOSE-dependent trend was apparent in the concentration of P
• Systemic adverse reactions occurred with 3.2% of administered DOSEs
• Grade III (n = 2) and IV (n = 2) events were observed only at the two highest DOSEs
• pratense depot SCIT showed signs of clinical and immunological efficacy by DOSE-dependently decreasing the allergen sensitization rate
• Risk-benefit favored DOSEs below 1.0 SPT units for confirmatory trials.

346. Prophylactic managements of hepatitis B viral infection in liver transplantation.

• The combination therapy consisting of high-DOSE HBIG and lamivudine is highly efficacious for preventing the recurrence of HBV infection after LT and became the standard prophylaxis for HBV recurrence
• However, mainly due to the high cost of HBIG treatment, an alternative protocol for reducing the DOSE and duration of HBIG has been evaluated
• Currently, combination therapy using low-DOSE HBIG and NAs is considered as the most efficacious and cost-effective prophylaxis for post-LT HBV reinfection

347. Risk Factors of Delay Proportional Probability in Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis Vaccination of Iranian Children; Life Table Approach Analysis.

• Time of vaccination for the third DOSE of DTP vaccine was calculated

348. Post-Marketing Benefit-Risk Assessment of Rotavirus Vaccination in Japan: A Simulation and Modelling Analysis.

• However, an observed/expected analysis showed a temporal association with intussusception within 7 days post DOSE 1
• The number of vaccine-preventable RVGE-associated hospitalizations and deaths (benefit) and intussusception-associated hospitalizations and deaths (risk) following two DOSEs of Rotarix™ in Japan was compared using simulations

349. Safety of Live Attenuated High-Titer Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients.

• We report our experience with the use of a single DOSE of an Oka strain high-titer zoster-equivalent varicella vaccine in pediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients

350. Adenoviral Expression of a Bispecific VHH-Based Neutralizing Agent That Targets Protective Antigen Provides Prophylactic Protection from Anthrax in Mice.

• Mice were challenged with a lethal DOSE of LT or spores at various times after Ad/VNA2-PA administration

351. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the safety of newly adjuvanted vaccines among children.

• New adjuvants such as the AS- or the MF59-adjuvants improve vaccine efficacy and facilitate DOSE-sparing
• Twenty-nine trials were included in the meta-analysis, encompassing 25,056 children who received at least one DOSE of the newly adjuvanted vaccines

352. Risk factors for measles in children younger than age 8 months: A case-control study during an outbreak in Guangxi, China, 2013.

• The coverage of 2-DOSE measles-containing vaccine was only 34%

353. Health Disparities in the Immunoprevention of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Associated Malignancies.

• In fact, only about 38 and 14% of eligible females and males, respectively, receive the complete, three-DOSE immunization

354. [Anti-HBs persistence after revaccination with three doses of hepatitis B vaccines among non-responsive adults: 24-month of follow-up].

• To access the antibody persistence 24-month after revaccination with 3-DOSE of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) among non-response adults
• Blood samples were collected one month after the third DOSE of primary immunization and tested for anti-HBs using chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)
• The non-responders were revaccinated with three DOSEs of HepB at 0-, 1-, 6-months schedule and the type of HepB was the same as which was used for primary immunization
• A total of 900 non-responders were identified and 71.7% (645/900) of them completed three-DOSE revaccination and blood collection after revaccination

355. [Seroepidemiological analysis of hepatitis B among children aged 1-14 in 3 counties of Guangdong province in 2013].

• The HBsAg positive rate (0.45%, 5/1 118) of the children with birth-DOSE given within 24 hours was lower than those that of children given beyond 24 hours (2.63%, 61/190) (χ² = 10.21, P < 0.001)
• With the age increasing, the coverage and timely birth-DOSE coverage of Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) decreased, and the positive rate of anti-HBs gradually decreased

356. HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-associated disease: from basic science to effective interventions.

• This essay describes the research and development that led to the VLP vaccines; discusses their safety, efficacy, and short-term effect on HPV-associated disease; and speculates that even a single DOSE of these vaccines, when given to adolescents, might be able to confer long-term protection

357. TG4010 immunotherapy and first-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (TIME): results from the phase 2b part of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial.

• We did primary analyses in the intention-to-treat population and safety analyses in those who had received at least one DOSE of study drug and had at least one valid post-baseline safety assessment

358. Safety and immunogenicity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored Ebola vaccine in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 1/2a study.

• We did this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, DOSE-finding, phase 1/2a trial at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
• Participants (aged 18-65 years) were randomly assigned (2:2:1), via two computer-generated randomisation lists for individuals potentially deployed in endemic areas and those not deployed, to receive a single intramuscular DOSE of high-DOSE vaccine (5 × 10(10) viral particles), low-DOSE vaccine (2·5 × 10(10) viral particles), or placebo
• The safety evaluation was not masked for potentially deployed participants, who were therefore not included in the safety analysis for comparison between the vaccine DOSEs and placebo, but were pooled with the non-deployed group to compare immunogenicity
• Between Oct 24, 2014, and June 22, 2015, we randomly assigned 120 participants, of whom 18 (15%) were potentially deployed and 102 (85%) were non-deployed, to receive high-DOSE vaccine (n=49), low-DOSE vaccine (n=51), or placebo (n=20)
• We recorded local adverse events in 30 (75%) of 40 participants in the high-DOSE group, 33 (79%) of 42 participants in the low-DOSE group, and five (25%) of 20 participants in the placebo group
• Fatigue or malaise was the most common systemic adverse event, reported in 25 (62%) participants in the high-DOSE group, 25 (60%) participants in the low-DOSE group, and five (25%) participants in the placebo group, followed by headache, reported in 23 (57%), 25 (60%), and three (15%) participants, respectively
• Fever occurred 24 h after injection in 12 (30%) participants in the high-DOSE group and 11 (26%) participants in the low-DOSE group versus one (5%) participant in the placebo group
• Geometric mean concentrations of IgG antibodies against Ebola glycoprotein peaked on day 28 at 51 μg/mL (95% CI 41·1-63·3) in the high-DOSE group, 44·9 μg/mL (25·8-56·3) in the low-DOSE group, and 5·2 μg/mL (3·5-7·6) in the placebo group, with respective response rates of 96% (95% CI 85·7-99·5), 96% (86·5-99·5), and 5% (0·1-24·9)
• Geometric mean concentrations decreased by day 180 to 25·5 μg/mL (95% CI 20·6-31·5) in the high-DOSE group, 22·1 μg/mL (19·3-28·6) in the low-DOSE group, and 3·2 μg/mL (2·4-4·9) in the placebo group
• 28 (57%) participants given high-DOSE vaccine and 31 (61%) participants given low-DOSE vaccine developed glycoprotein-specific CD4 cell responses, and 33 (67%) and 35 (69%), respectively, developed CD8 responses
• A single DOSE was immunogenic in almost all vaccine recipients
• There was no significant difference between DOSEs for safety and immunogenicity outcomes

359. Cost-utility analysis of dengue vaccination in a country with heterogeneous risk of dengue transmission.

• If a vaccination program would be implemented the maximum vaccine price per DOSE has to be US$1.49 for a vaccination at national level or US$28.72 for a targeted vaccination in high transmission areas

360. Oral Immunization with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Prime and Intramuscular Protein Boost Provides Protection against Intrarectal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge in Macaques.

• We examined the DOSE and route that are suitable for oral immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses
• However, sublingual inoculation with a higher DOSE or tonsillar inoculation resulted in secondary oral lesions, indicating the need to optimize the DOSE and route for oral immunization with replication-competent vaccinia virus vectors

361. Immunogenicity and clinical effectiveness of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in immunocompromised children undergoing treatment for cancer.

• Seroconversion was significantly more likely in children with solid compared with hematological malignancies and in children <10 years of age who received a two-DOSE schedule compared to one
• All children <10 years of age should receive a two-DOSE schedule.

362. [Clinical efficacy and safety of trastuzumab plus capecitabine as first-line therapy for HER-2 positive metastatic breast cancer].

• The patients received trastuzumab (6 mg/kg every 21 days following a loading DOSE of 8 mg/kg on cycle 1) and capecitabine (2 000 mg/m², days 1 to 14 every 21 days)

363. A new single-dose bivalent vaccine of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae elicits protective immunity and improves growth performance under field conditions.

• The efficacy of the new single-DOSE bivalent vaccine of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was evaluated under field conditions for registration as recommended by the Republic of Korea's Animal, Plant & Fisheries Quarantine & Inspection Agency

364. Timing of routine infant vaccinations and risk of food allergy and eczema at one year of age.

• Associations were examined between age at the first DOSE of DTaP and allergic disease
• Of 4433 children, 109 (2.5%) received the first DOSE of DTaP one month late (delayed DTaP)

365. Multiple efficacy studies of an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A24 subunit vaccine in cattle using homologous challenge.

• AdtA24 non-adjuvanted vaccine was administered intramuscularly to a total of 150 steers in DOSEs ranging from approximately 1.0×10(8) to 2.1×10(11) particle units per animal
• The results of eight studies demonstrated a strong correlation between AdtA24 vaccine DOSE and protection from clinical disease (R(2)=0.97) and viremia (R(2)=0.98)

366. Prior infection with influenza virus but not vaccination leaves a long-term immunological imprint that intensifies the protective efficacy of antigenically drifted vaccine strains.

367. Production and dose determination of the Infection and Treatment Method (ITM) Muguga cocktail vaccine used to control East Coast fever in cattle.

• The paper also describes the processes involved in determining the appropriate field DOSE, which involved a three-step in vivo study with various dilutions of the vaccine stabilate
• The vaccine was shown to be safe and viable after production, and a suitable field DOSE was identified as 1 ml of a 1:100 dilution.

368. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel therapeutic DNA vaccine encoding chicken type II collagen for rheumatoid arthritis in normal rats.

• Furthermore, no major alterations were observed in hematology, biochemistry, and histopathology, even at the maximum DOSE

369. The Dose-Response Relationship of bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Biology.

• Currently there are limited data on the relationship between bacillus Calmette-Guérin DOSE intensity and tumor response
• We evaluated the DOSE-response relationship of bacillus Calmette-Guérin to nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer in vitro using urothelial carcinoma cell lines and in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model
• Two human urothelial carcinoma cell lines were used to study the effect of bacillus Calmette-Guérin DOSE on the tumor cell response
• An orthotopic tumor model was used to compare the effect of different DOSEs on the antitumor efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin
• Bacillus Calmette-Guérin internalization by urothelial carcinoma cells increased as a function of time and DOSE with a plateau at higher DOSEs and/or long exposure times
• Intracellular signaling demonstrated a similar direct, DOSE dependent increase
• Cytokine expression by urothelial carcinoma cells as a function of DOSE was variable
• Some genes increased progressively but others showed a decrease at the highest DOSE
• While nonviable cell number increased in proportion to DOSE, the number of cells undergoing necrotic cell death decreased at higher DOSEs
• A higher DOSE of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (1:200) showed a better antitumor effect than a standard DOSE (1:50) (p <0.01)
• Bacillus Calmette-Guérin DOSE has a direct impact on urothelial carcinoma cell biology
• Increased DOSE intensity, particularly in nonresponders, may represent a strategy to increase bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment efficacy.

370. mHealth Pilot Study: Text Messaging Intervention to Promote HPV Vaccination.

• Participants demonstrated significant increases in knowledge of HPV with an intent to get vaccinated within one year, and 30% of participants received the first DOSE of the HPV vaccine

371. Enhanced therapeutic effect using sequential administration of antigenically distinct oncolytic viruses expressing oncostatin M in a Syrian hamster orthotopic pancreatic cancer model.

• In addition, strong secretion of OSM in serum limited the maximal tolerated DOSE of Ad-OSM
• In contrast, moderate DOSEs of Ad-OSM followed one week later by NDV-OSM were safe, showed a significant antitumor effect and stimulated immune responses against cancer cells

372. Bioactivity guided fractionation of Moringa oleifera Lam. flower targeting Leishmania donovani.

• donovani promastigotes viability in the presence of MoE in both time and DOSE dependent manner

373. An assessment of measles vaccine effectiveness, Australia, 2006-2012.

• Vaccination status was classified according to whether a case had received zero, one or two DOSEs of measles-containing vaccine
• Vaccine effectiveness was estimated at 96.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.5-98.0%) for one DOSE and 99.7% (95% CI: 99.2-99.9%) for two DOSEs of measles vaccine
• For at least one DOSE, effectiveness was estimated at 98.7% (95% CI: 97.9-99.2%)

374. Potential of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine to suppress musth in captive male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

• However, more work is needed to identify an optimal DOSE, booster interval, and vaccination schedule for complete suppression of testicular steroidogenesis.

375. Low-Dose Versus Standard Dose of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the Treatment of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

• Whether low-DOSE Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment can reduce the side effects while maintaining efficacy for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is controversial.To investigate whether low-DOSE BCG treatment can reduce the side effects while maintaining efficacy for patients with NMIBC when compared with standard-DOSE BCG treatment.A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases was conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT) or quasi-randomized controlled trials (qRCT) that have assessed the efficacy of low- and standard-DOSE BCG therapy for patients with NMIBC
• Low-DOSE BCG instillation was not inferior to reduce the risk of bladder tumor recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.31; P = 0.05), meanwhile no difference was found regarding tumor progression (HR = 1.08; 95%CI, 0.83-1.42; P = 0.57)
• However, low-DOSE BCG provided a significantly lower incidence of overall side effects (RR = 0.75; 95%CI, 0.60-0.94; P = 0.01), systemic side effects (RR = 0.57; 95%CI, 0.34-0.97; P = 0.04), severe side effects (RR = 0.52; 95%CI, 0.36-0.74; P = 0.0003), and withdrawal due to BCG toxicity (RR = 0.49; 95%CI, 0.26-0.91; P = 0.02)
• In contrast, local side effects were comparable between low- and standard-DOSE arms (RR = 0.89; 95%CI, 0.73-1.08; P = 0.24).Low-DOSE BCG instillation significantly reduces the incidence of overall side effects, especially severe and systemic symptoms in patients with NMIBC, while the oncological control efficacy of low-DOSE BCG is not inferior to standard-DOSE BCG
• Further studies with stratification using different risk factors at randomization are required to assess whether the efficacy of low-DOSE BCG is comparable to standard DOSE BCG for different risk of patients.PROSPERO registration No CRD42014014871 (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).

376. Cost-effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination in South Africa accounting for human immunodeficiency virus prevalence.

• This study aims at evaluating the cost-effectiveness of a 2-DOSE schedule human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme of HPV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve 12-year-old girls, in addition to cervical cancer (CC) screening alone, in South Africa

377. Therapeutic Vaccination With Dendritic Cells Loaded With Autologous HIV Type 1-Infected Apoptotic Cells.

• Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals were enrolled, and viremia was suppressed by ART prior to delivery of 4 DOSEs of DC-based vaccine
• Participants underwent treatment interruption 6 weeks after the third vaccine DOSE

378. Immunogenicity in dogs and protection against visceral leishmaniasis induced by a 14kDa Leishmania infantum recombinant polypeptide.

• In addition, immunization with this single and small 14kDa poplypeptide resulted in protracted progression of the infection of the animals after challenging with a high DOSE of virulent L

379. Comparison of the efficacy of Poly(I:C) immunization with live vaccine and formalin-killed vaccine against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

• In contrast, the survival rates of the groups administered the formalin-treated VHSV at a DOSE of 10(6), 10(5), and 10(4) TCID50 100 μL(-1) fish(-1) (DEPC-FT VHSV 6, DEPC-FT VHSV 5, and DEPC-FT VHSV 4) were only 8%, 12%, and 12%, respectively

380. Efficacy of a new bivalent vaccine of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Fostera™ PCV MH) under experimental conditions.

• The pigs were administered the bivalent vaccine intramuscularly as a 2.0 mL DOSE at 21 days of age based on the manufacturer's instructions

381. DNA vaccination of poultry: The current status in 2015.

• Second, it presents strategies designed to improve DNA vaccine efficacy: influence of the route of administration, plasmid DOSE and age of birds on their first inoculation; increasing plasmid uptake by host cells; addition of immunomodulators; optimization of plasmid backbones and codon usage; association of vaccine antigens and finally, heterologous prime-boost regimens

382. Low dose cyclophosphamide: Mechanisms of T cell modulation.

• However, cyclophosphamide is still used either as a single agent or as adjuvant therapy to treat lymphomas, and breast and ovarian cancers at much lower DOSEs
• The efficacy of low DOSE cyclophosphamide is primarily due to its ability to promote anti-tumour immunity, by selectively depleting regulatory T cells and enhancing effector T cell function
• In this review, we highlight the potential for improving the efficacy of low DOSE cyclophosphamide by combining insights on the mechanisms of cyclophosphamide-mediated cytotoxicity, and how these cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide influence T cell function, thereby contributing to anti-tumour immunity.

383. Helicobacter pylori screening: options and challenges.

• pylori related benign complications are patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and low-DOSE aspirin

384. A pilot study of pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox) for the treatment of patients with HPV16+ cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/3).

385. Predictors of vaccination in India for children aged 12-36 months.

• Children's vaccination status was categorized as fully, under-, and non-vaccinated based on whether children received all, some, or none of the UIP-recommended vaccines (one DOSE each of bacillus Calmette-Guérin and measles, and three DOSEs of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)

386. National and State-Specific Td and Tdap Vaccination of Adult Populations.

• The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a single DOSE of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) for adults followed by tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) booster DOSEs every 10 years thereafter

387. Immunoprotective potential of in silico predicted Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane nuclease, NucAb.

• Immunization of BALB/c mice with recombinant NucAb (25μg) elicited high antibody titre (1-5×10(5)) which reduced bacterial load by 5 log cycles in lungs of mice challenged with optimized lethal DOSE (10(8)CFU)

388. The Adjuvant Activity of Epimedium Polysaccharide-Propolis Flavone Liposome on Enhancing Immune Responses to Inactivated Porcine Circovirus Vaccine in Mice.

• EPL could significantly improve both PCV2-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and its medium DOSE had the best efficacy

389. Attenuation mechanism of virulent infectious bronchitis virus strain with QX genotype by continuous passage in chicken embryos.

• Damage was not found in the appearance of the 3-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks immunized with 10(4.5) EID50 (median embryo infective DOSE) of P110 by intranasal and ocular administration

390. Efficacy and safety of live varicella zoster vaccine in diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

• This double-blind randomized controlled single-centre study of 60-70-year-old people with diabetes compared immunity and safety profiles 3 months after one DOSE of varicella zoster vaccine or placebo

391. Intravesical immunotherapy in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.

• Full-DOSE BCG is recommended to obtain ideal antitumoral activity and there is no evidence of a reduction of side effects in patients treated with a reduced DOSE

392. Measles Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response, Cell-Mediated Immunity, and Immunoglobulin G Antibody Avidity Before and After Receipt of a Third Dose of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine in Young Adults.

• Two DOSEs of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine are 97% effective against measles, but waning antibody immunity to measles and failure of the 2-DOSE vaccine occur
• We administered a third MMR DOSE (MMR3) to young adults and assessed immunogenicity over 1 year
• We did not find compelling data to support a routine third DOSE of MMR vaccine.

393. A measles outbreak in a middle school with high vaccination coverage and evidence of prior immunity among cases, Beijing, P.R. China.

• Age-appropriate receipt of ≥ 2 measles-containing vaccine (MCV) DOSEs has been considered evidence of immunity against measles
• We report a measles outbreak in a middle school in Beijing that has high coverage with ≥ 2 documented MCV DOSEs
• Of 1331 individuals without a prior history of measles, 1172 (88.1% [95%CI:86.4-91.5%]) and 1078 (81.0% [95%CI:78.9-83.1%]) had age-appropriate receipt of ≥ 2 MCV DOSEs by domestic and U.S
• All 11 student cases received ≥ 2 age-appropriate MCV DOSEs by Chinese domestic criteria; 8 were age-appropriately vaccinated by U.S
• Among students with age-appropriate receipt of ≥ 2 MCV DOSEs, the length of time since the last MCV was significantly associated with risk of measles: for the 1172 students, the risk was 4.6 [OR5.6;95%CI:1.4-22.9] and 5.5 [OR6.5;95%CI:1.4-29.8] times higher when the last MCV DOSE was 5-9 years and ≥ 10 years prior, respectively, compared with <5 years prior; for the 1078 students, the risk was 4.1 [OR5.1;95%CI:1.3-20.7] times higher when the last MCV DOSE was 5-9 years prior compared with <5 years prior

394. Development of a recombinant, chimeric tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate.

• TDV administration was generally well-tolerated independent of DOSE and route

395. Vitamin D, leptin and impact on immune response to seasonal influenza A/H1N1 vaccine in older persons.

• We evaluated the effect of baseline 25-(OH) D on vaccine-induced immunological response in a cohort of 159 healthy subjects ages 50-74 in Rochester, MN, who received one DOSE of seasonal trivalent 2010-2011 influenza vaccine, containing A/California/H1N1- like virus

396. Head-to-Head Comparison of Soluble vs. Qβ VLP Circumsporozoite Protein Vaccines Reveals Selective Enhancement of NANP Repeat Responses.

• The VLP and soluble CSP immunogenicity difference was most pronounced at low antigen DOSE, and within the CSP molecule, the titers against the NANP repeats were preferentially enhanced by Qβ presentation

397. Immunoregulatory Cell Depletion Improves the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy-Generated Cancer Vaccines.

• The effects of low-DOSE cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the numbers of Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were determined by antibody staining followed by flow cytometry, while their impact on PDT vaccine therapy was evaluated by monitoring changes in tumor responses

398. Development of TV003/TV005, a single dose, highly immunogenic live attenuated dengue vaccine; what makes this vaccine different from the Sanofi-Pasteur CYD™ vaccine?

• Although the multi-DOSE vaccine demonstrated protection against severe dengue, its overall efficacy was limited by DENV serotype, serostatus at vaccination, region and age
• A single DOSE of either TV003 or TV005 induced seroconversion to four DENV serotypes in 74-92% (TV003) and 90% (TV005) of flavivirus seronegative adults and elicited near-sterilizing immunity to a second DOSE of vaccine administered 6-12 months later

399. Cell-based Hyper-interleukin 6 or Hyper-interleukin 11 secreting vaccines combined with low dose cyclophosphamide in an orthotopic murine prostate cancer model.

• Low DOSE CY administered alone demonstrated some antitumor activity in employed model

400. Baseline serum interleukin-6 to interleukin-2 ratio is associated with the response to seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients.

• We performed a subanalysis of a clinical trial that compared the safety and efficacy of high-DOSE intradermal (ID) versus intramuscular (IM) TIV in SOT recipients

401. Antibody induced by one-dose varicella vaccine soon became weak in children: evidence from a cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey in Beijing, PRC.

• Numerous post-licensure studies, mostly from field epidemiological evidences such as outbreak surveys, have demonstrated the effectivenesss and insufficiency of one-DOSE varicella vaccine in outbreak control
• A cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey of Beijing residents was performed in 2012 in the People's Republic of China, after the one-DOSE varicella vaccine had been widely used for several years
• Reported one-DOSE vaccination history was 71.6% (149/208), 80.9% (182/225) and 82.2% (180/219) in the 1-4 yr, 5-9 yr, 10-14 yr age groups, respectively
• Of subjects who had received the one-DOSE vaccine, 36% (216/603) showed negative anti-VZV concentrations (<110 mIU/mL); additionally 15.9% (96/603) of such subjects' anti-VZV concentrations were in the lowest positive concentration group (110-299 mIU/mL)
• A government-funded 2-DOSE immunization program with mandatory vaccination schedule for Beijing residents may need consideration in the near future.

402. Intralesional Mycobacterium w Vaccine Versus Cryotherapy in Treatment of Refractory Extragenital Warts: A Randomized, Open-Label, Comparative Study.

403. Efficacy of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based tuberculosis vaccines in mice.

• In a long-term protection study, a single DOSE of PIV5-85A was found to be most effective in reducing M

404. Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine: a systematic comparison of predictions from four mathematical models.

• We considered two vaccine schedules: three DOSEs at ages 6, 7·5, and 9 months (three-DOSE schedule, 90% coverage) and including a fourth DOSE at age 27 months (four-DOSE schedule, 72% coverage)
• We estimated cost-effectiveness in the presence of existing malaria interventions for vaccine prices of US$2-10 per DOSE
• In regions with a PfPR2-10 of 10-65%, RTS,S/AS01 is predicted to avert a median of 93,940 (range 20,490-126,540) clinical cases and 394 (127-708) deaths for the three-DOSE schedule, or 116,480 (31,450-160,410) clinical cases and 484 (189-859) deaths for the four-DOSE schedule, per 100,000 fully vaccinated children
• At $5 per DOSE and a PfPR2-10 of 10-65%, we estimated a median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio compared with current interventions of $30 (range 18-211) per clinical case averted and $80 (44-279) per DALY averted for the three-DOSE schedule, and of $25 (16-222) and $87 (48-244), respectively, for the four-DOSE schedule

405. Evaluation of the risk of venous thromboembolism after quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination among US females.

• With a self-controlled risk interval design, we compared counts of first-ever VTE in risk intervals (Days 1-28 and Days 1-7 post-vaccination) and control intervals (Days 36-56 for DOSE 1 and Days 36-63 for DOSEs 2 and 3)
• Of 279 potential VTE cases identified following 1,423,399 HPV4 DOSEs administered, 225 had obtainable charts, and 53 were confirmed first-ever VTE
• VTE risk was not elevated in the first 7 or 28 days following any DOSE of HPV in any analysis (e.g
• relative risk estimate (95% CI) from both unrestricted analyses, for all-DOSEs, 28-day risk interval: 0.7 (0.3-1.4))
• Temporal scan statistics found no clustering of VTE onsets after any DOSE

406. Absence of venous thromboembolism risk following quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination, Vaccine Safety Datalink, 2008-2011.

• We identified potential VTE cases diagnosed in 2008 through 2011 who had also received at least one HPV4 DOSE during that period

407. A cell wall protein-based vaccine candidate induce protective immune response against Sporothrix schenckii infection.

• Immunization with the higher-DOSE AH-adjuvanted formulation led to increased ex vivo release of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17, whereas only IL-12 and IFN-γ were induced by the higher-DOSE non-adjuvanted formulation
• Lastly, passive transference of the higher-DOSE AH-adjuvanted formulation's anti-ssCWP serum was able to afford in vivo protection in a subsequent challenge with S

408. Use of ChAd3-EBO-Z Ebola virus vaccine in Malian and US adults, and boosting of Malian adults with MVA-BN-Filo: a phase 1, single-blind, randomised trial, a phase 1b, open-label and double-blind, dose-escalation trial, and a nested, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

• In the phase 1b, open-label and double-blind, DOSE-escalation trial of ChAd3-EBO-Z in Mali, we recruited adults 18-50 years of age from six hospitals and health centres in Bamako (Mali), some of whom were also eligible for a nested, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of MVA-BN-Filo
• For randomised segments of the Malian trial and for the US trial, we randomly allocated participants (1:1; block size of six [Malian] or four [US]; ARB produced computer-generated randomisation lists; clinical staff did randomisation) to different single DOSEs of intramuscular immunisation with ChAd3-EBO-Z: Malians received 1 × 10(10) viral particle units (pu), 2·5 × 10(10) pu, 5 × 10(10) pu, or 1 × 10(11) pu; US participants received 1 × 10(10) pu or 1 × 10(11) pu
• We randomly allocated Malians in the nested trial (1:1) to receive a single DOSE of 2 × 10(8) plaque-forming units of MVA-BN-Filo or saline placebo
• 1 × 10(11) pu single-DOSE ChAd3-EBO-Z could suffice for phase 3 efficacy trials of ring-vaccination containment needing short-term, high-level protection to interrupt transmission

409. The time-course of protection of the RTS,S vaccine against malaria infections and clinical disease.

• These data allow estimation of the time-course of protection against infection associated with two different ages of vaccination, both with and without a booster DOSE
• Using an ensemble of individual-based stochastic models, each trial cohort in the Phase III trial was simulated assuming many different hypothetical profiles for the vaccine efficacy against infection in time, for both the primary course and boosting DOSE and including the potential for either exponential or non-exponential decay
• The initial protection of RTS,S immediately following three DOSEs is estimated as providing an efficacy against infection of 65 % (when immunizing infants aged 6-12 weeks old) and 91 % (immunizing children aged 5-17 months old at first vaccination)
• The boosting DOSE was estimated to return protection to an efficacy against infection of 50-55 % for both cohorts

410. The efficacy of accelerated, multiple, double-dose hepatitis B vaccine against hepatitis B virus infection in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

• Conventional hepatitis B vaccination with three DOSEs at 0, 1, and 6 months apart is ineffective in prevention of HBV infection
• To compare the efficacy of accelerated, multiple, double-DOSE HB vaccine with conventional HB vaccine in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy (CT)
• Group A received three double DOSEs (40 μg) of recombinant HB vaccine at 0, 1, and 3 weeks before CT and additional three double DOSEs post CT
• Accelerated, multiple, double-DOSE HB vaccine increases seroprotection and is more effective than conventional HB vaccine in preventing HBV infection.

411. The adjuvanticity of ophiopogon polysaccharide liposome against an inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine in mice.

• These results suggested that OPL possess superior adjuvanticity and that a medium DOSE had the best efficacy

412. Immunotherapy for neuro-oncology: the critical rationale for combinatorial therapy.

• For example, cocktails of cytotoxic agents, which were carefully designed based on mechanisms of action, DOSE, and scheduling considerations, have led to dramatic improvements in survival including cures for childhood leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and several other complex cancers

413. Partial protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in mice elicited by recombinant Toxoplasma gondii malate dehydrogenase.

• We determined the optimal vaccination DOSE by monitoring systemic and mucosal immune responses

414. Hemagglutinin Stalk- and Neuraminidase-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Protect against Lethal H10N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Mice.

• All three antibodies were protective at a high DOSE (5 mg/kg)
• At a low DOSE (0.5 mg/kg), only the anti-N8 antibody prevented weight loss

415. Risk of Injection-Site Abscess among Infants Receiving a Preservative-Free, Two-Dose Vial Formulation of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Kenya.

• There is a theoretical risk of adverse events following immunization with a preservative-free, 2-DOSE vial formulation of 10-valent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10)
• Abscess risk was expressed as the number of abscesses per 100,000 injections and was compared for the second vs first vial DOSE of PCV10 and for PCV10 vs pentavalent vaccine (comparator)
• A total of 58,288 PCV10 injections were recorded, including 24,054 and 19,702 identified as first and second vial DOSEs, respectively (14,532 unknown vial DOSE)
• The risk ratio for abscess following injection with the second (41 per 100,000) vs first (33 per 100,000) vial DOSE of PCV10 was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-4.06)
• The comparator vaccine was changed from a 2-DOSE to 10-DOSE presentation midway through the study
• The matched odds ratios for abscess following PCV10 were 1.00 (95% CI 0.12-8.56) and 0.27 (95% CI 0.14-0.54) when compared to the 2-DOSE and 10-DOSE pentavalent vaccine presentations, respectively
• The relatively higher risk of abscess following the 10-DOSE presentation of pentavalent vaccine merits further study.

416. Text message reminders do not improve hepatitis B vaccination rates in an Australian sexual health setting.

• The authors used a chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression to determine if SMS reminders were associated with second and third DOSE vaccine completion, compared with patients prior to the intervention
• Of patients sent SMS reminders in 2009 (SMS group), 54% (130/241) received 2 DOSEs and 24% (58/241) received 3 DOSEs, compared to 56% (258/463) (P = 0.65) and 30% (141/463) (P = 0.07) in the pre-SMS group (2007), respectively
• Among sex workers, travelers, and people who reported sex overseas, second and third DOSE completion rates were significantly lower in the SMS group compared to the pre-SMS group
• In the SMS group, 18% of those who only had one DOSE attended the clinic within 1-18 months and 30% of those who had 2 DOSEs attended in 6-18 months, but vaccination was missed
• SMS reminders did not increase second or third vaccine DOSE completion in this population

417. A VL-linker-VH Orientation Dependent Single Chain Variable Antibody Fragment Against Rabies Virus G Protein with Enhanced Neutralizing Potency in vivo.

• Although with similar stability and in vitro neutralizing potency as FV57S, RFV57S showed enhanced binding ability, affinity and in vivo protective efficacy against lethal DOSE of RV

418. The protective immunity against grass carp reovirus in grass carp induced by a DNA vaccination using single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery vehicles.

• In addition, we found that a good immune protective effect was observed in bath immunization group; which at a concentration of 20 mg/L could reach the similar relative percentage survival (approximately 100%) in injection group at a DOSE of 5 μg

419. Effectiveness Study of Paromomycin IM Injection (PMIM) for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Bangladesh.

• Of the 119 subjects who received ≥1 DOSE of PMIM, 28.6% reported at least one adverse event

420. Active vaccination to prevent de novo hepatitis B virus infection in liver transplantation.

• HBV vaccination is advised for candidates on waiting list and for recipients after withdrawal of steroids and onset of low DOSE immunosuppression after transplantation.

421. Background Paper for the update of meningococcal vaccination recommendations in Germany: use of the serogroup B vaccine in persons at increased risk for meningococcal disease.

• Because the risk is highest in the first 3 months and full protective immunity requires more than one DOSE (particularly in infants and toddlers), MenB vaccine should be administered as soon as possible following identification of the serogroup of the index case.

422. Role of healthcare workers in early epidemic spread of Ebola: policy implications of prophylactic compared to reactive vaccination policy in outbreak prevention and control.

• A vaccine optimised for prophylactic vaccination in high-risk areas but when the virus is not actively circulating should be safe, well tolerated, and provide long-lasting protection; a two- or three-DOSE strategy would be realistic
• Conversely, a reactive vaccine deployed in an outbreak context for ring-vaccination strategies should have rapid onset of protection with one DOSE, but longevity of protection is less important

423. Evaluation of Factors Influencing Efficacy of Vaccine Strain CVI988 Against Marek's Disease in Meat-Type Chickens.

• The objective of this study was to evaluate factors (vaccine DOSE, vaccine origin, chicken genetics, age and route of vaccination, and combination with other MD vaccines) influencing the efficacy of CVI988 against MD in meat-type chickens
• Experiments 1 and 2 were to compare the efficacy of CVI988 vaccines from three different origins (CVI988-A, CVI988-B, and CVI988-C) and evaluate the effect of vaccine DOSE and chicken genetics
• Our results show that, regardless of the origin of the vaccine, protection against early challenge with 648A was good when vaccines were administered at a high DOSE (>3000 plaque-forming units [PFU])
• Differences among vaccines, however, were detected even when using a high DOSE in experiment 2 (vaccine CVI988-B conferred higher protection than did CVI988-C) but not in Experiment 1 (CVI988-B was compared to CVI988-A)
• The use of a fixed low DOSE (2000 PFU) of vaccine resulted in reduction in protection, and such reduction was more remarkable when using CV1988-A

424. Human papillomavirus vaccine trials and tribulations: Vaccine efficacy.

• The average cost per DOSE is $120, with a recommended 3-DOSE course

425. Modelling the impact of vaccination on curtailing Haemophilus influenzae serotype 'a'.

• Third, for a low vaccination rate of susceptible individuals, a high coverage of booster DOSE may be needed to raise the level of herd immunity for Hia eradication
• When an anti-Hia vaccine becomes available, enhanced surveillance of Hia incidence and herd immunity could help determine vaccination rates and timelines for booster DOSEs necessary to eliminate Hia from affected populations.

426. The Quantity of Autocrine IL-2 Governs the Expansion Potential of CD8+ T Cells.

• Together, our findings identified that autocrine IL-2 production operates in a DOSE-dependent fashion to facilitate the expansion potential of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell populations, which may instigate ways to augment therapies depending on fit CD8(+) T cells.

427. An anti-pyroglutamate-3 Aβ vaccine reduces plaques and improves cognition in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice.

• After 28 weeks of treatment, plaque burden was reduced and cognitive performance of 07/1-immunized Tg mice, especially at the higher DOSE, was normalized to wild-type levels in 2 hippocampal-dependent tests and partially spared compared with phosphate-buffered saline-treated Tg mice

428. A rationally designed combined treatment with an alphavirus-based cancer vaccine, sunitinib and low-dose tumor irradiation completely blocks tumor development.

• Here, we report on a combination therapy comprising sunitinib (40 mg/kg), single low-DOSE (14 Gy) tumor irradiation and immunization with a therapeutic cancer vaccine based on a Semliki Forest virus vector encoding the oncoproteins E6 and E7 of human papillomavirus (SFVeE6,7)
• We previously demonstrated that either low-DOSE irradiation or sunitinib in single combination with SFVeE6,7 immunizations enhanced the intratumoral ratio of antitumor effector cells to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)
• The trimodal sunitinib, low-DOSE irradiation and SFVeE6,7 immunization therapy resulted in stronger intratumoral MDSC depletion than sunitinib alone
• The combination of sunitinib, low-DOSE tumor irradiation and SFVeE6,7 immunization dramatically changed the intratumoral immune compartment

429. Optimization of a Human Bacille Calmette-Guérin Challenge Model: A Tool to Evaluate Antimycobacterial Immunity.

• Healthy BCG-naive adults were assigned to receive intradermal standard-DOSE BCG SSI (group A), standard-DOSE BCG TICE (group B), high-DOSE BCG SSI (group C), and high-DOSE BCG TICE (group D)
• BCG was well tolerated, and reactogenicity was similar between groups, regardless of strain and DOSE
• There was significantly greater recovery of BCG from the high-DOSE challenge groups, compared with standard-DOSE challenge
• BCG challenge DOSE affects sensitivity of this model
• We have selected high-DOSE BCG SSI to take forward in future challenge studies

430. Vaccination Using Gene-Gun Technology.

• Gene gun delivery of DNA plasmids drastically reduces the vaccine DOSE and does not only have the potential to make vaccines more accessible and affordable, but also simplifies (a) the testing of novel antigens as vaccine candidates, (b) the testing of antigen combinations, and (c) the co-delivery of antigens with molecular adjuvants such as cytokines or costimulatory molecules

431. Economic Evaluation of Immunisation Programme of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine and the Inclusion of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the List for Single-Dose Subsidy to the Elderly in Japan.

• We performed economic evaluations to (1) evaluate the efficiency of alternative strategies of PPSV-23 single-DOSE immunisation programme, and (2) investigate the efficiency of PCV-13 inclusion in the list for single-DOSE pneumococcal vaccine immunisation programme
• PCV-13 inclusion into the list for single-DOSE subsidy has an ICER of ¥ 377,000 (US$3,427) per QALY gained regardless of the PCV-13 diffusion level
• The results suggest that switching current PPSV-23 strategy to ≥ 65 PPSV-23 strategy or including PCV-13 into the list for single-DOSE subsidy to the elderly in Japan has value for money.

432. Restricted antibody response to Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin induced by whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines.

• Two groups comprising healthy preschool children (n = 50) and adults (n = 26) were vaccinated with a single DOSE of commercial whole-cell and acellular DTaP vaccines, respectively

433. Health and Economic Impact of Switching from a 4-Valent to a 9-Valent HPV Vaccination Program in the United States.

• In our base-case, we assumed 95% vaccine-type efficacy, lifelong protection, and a cost/DOSE of $145 and $158 for the 4- and 9-valent vaccine, respectively
• Switching to a 9-valent gender-neutral HPV vaccination program is likely to be cost-saving if the additional cost/DOSE of the 9-valent is less than $13

434. Cross-protective efficacy of engineering serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine against the two pandemic strains in swine.

• Here, vaccine matching and pig 50% protective DOSE (PD50) tests were performed to assess the vaccine potency
• The vaccine matching test showed cross-reactivity of sera from full DOSE vaccine vaccinated pigs with A/WH/CHA/09 and A/GDMM/CHA/2013 isolates, with average r1 values of 0.94±0.12 and 0.68±0.06 (r1≥0.3), which indicates that the rA/P1-FMDV vaccine is likely to confer good cross-protection against the two isolates
• When challenged with two pandemic isolates A/WH/CHA/09 and A/GDMM/CHA/2013 strain, the vaccine achieved 12.51 PD50 and 10.05 PD50 per DOSE (2.8μg), respectively

435. Effect of age on the incidence of aseptic meningitis following immunization with monovalent mumps vaccine.

• This prospective cohort study included a total of 21,465 children under 18 years of age who had received the first DOSE of three of the Japanese mumps monovalent vaccine
• The first DOSE of mumps vaccine that is currently available for use in Japan may be administered in children less than 3 years of age in order to complicate a less aseptic meningitis after immunization.

436. Antigen spreading-induced CD8+T cells confer protection against the lethal challenge of wild-type malignant mesothelioma by eliminating myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

• In co-cultures with efficacious CD8+ T cells, a significant number of PMN-MDSCs underwent apoptosis in a DOSE-dependent way

437. Phase Ia Study of FoxP3+ CD4 Treg Depletion by Infusion of a Humanized Anti-CCR4 Antibody, KW-0761, in Cancer Patients.

• The results showed that KW-0761 infusion in a DOSE range between 0.1 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg was safe and well tolerated
• No DOSE-limiting toxicity was observed
• The monitoring of FoxP3(+) Tregs in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells during treatment indicated efficient depletion of those cells, even at the lowest DOSE of 0.1 mg/kg used

438. Novel pseudorabies virus variant with defects in TK, gE and gI protects growing pigs against lethal challenge.

• Twenty one-day-old weaned pigs were immunized intramuscularly either with 10(6.0) TCID50 of rSMXΔgI/gEΔTK or one DOSE of commercial Bartha-K61 vaccine, or with DMEM, and were challenged intranasally with 10(7.0) TCID50 wt virus at 28 days post vaccination

439. In vitro Characterization of the Rapid Cytotoxicity of Anticancer Peptide HPRP-A2 through Membrane Destruction and Intracellular Mechanism against Gastric Cancer Cell Lines.

• In this study, HPRP-A2, a synthetic 15-mer cationic peptides with all D-amino acids, effectively inhibited the survival of gastric cell lines in a DOSE-dependent manner
• Propidium iodide (PI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays demonstrated that one-hour treatment with HPRP-A2 led to membrane permeability changes of BGC-823 cells in a DOSE-dependent manner

440. Optimizing Intradermal Administration of Cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoites in Controlled Human Malaria Infection.

• The parameters of DOSE (1 × 10(4) versus 5 × 10(4) PfSPZ total DOSE per volunteer), number of injections (two versus eight), and aliquot volume per ID injection (10 μL versus 50 μL) were studied
• Three groups attained 100% infection: 1 × 10(4) PfSPZ in 50 μL/2 DOSEs, 1 × 10(4) PfSPZ in 10 μL/2 DOSEs, and 5 × 10(4) PfSPZ in 10 μL/8 DOSEs
• The group that received 5 × 10(4) PfSPZ total DOSE in eight 10 μL injections had a 100% infection rate and the shortest prepatent period (mean of 12.7 days), approaching the prepatent period for the current CHMI standard of five infected mosquitoes.

441. Respiratory nanoparticle-based vaccines and challenges associated with animal models and translation.

• These include the ability to deliver combinations of antigens, target the vaccine formulation to specific immune cells, enable cross-protection against divergent strains, act as adjuvants or immunomodulators, allow for sustained release of antigen, enable single DOSE delivery, and potentially obviate the cold chain

442. An economic analysis of poliovirus risk management policy options for 2013-2052.

• We estimate global incremental net benefits during 2013-2052 of approximately $16 billion (US$2013) for OPV cessation with at least one IPV routine immunization DOSE in all countries until 2024 compared to continued OPV use, although significant uncertainty remains associated with the frequency of exportations between populations and the implementation of long term risk management policies

443. Down-regulation of Th2 immune responses by sublingual administration of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-encapsulated allergen in BALB/c mice.

• BALB/c mice sensitized to rChe a 3 were treated sublingually either with soluble rChe a 3 (100μg/DOSE) or PLGA-encapsulated rChe a 3 (5, 25, or 50μg/DOSE)
• SLIT with PLGA-encapsulated rChe a 3 (equivalent to 25 and 50μg rChe a 3 per DOSE) led to significantly increased antigen-specific IgG2a, along with no effect on allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 antibody levels
• Our findings suggest that PLGA nanoparticle-based vaccination may help rational development of sublingual immunotherapy through reduction of the needed allergen DOSEs and also significantly enhanced systemic T regulatory (Treg) and T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses.

444. Prevaccination Rotavirus Serum IgG and IgA Are Associated With Lower Immunogenicity of Live, Oral Human Rotavirus Vaccine in South African Infants.

• Infant serum samples were obtained before the first and second DOSEs of RV1 and 1 month after the second DOSE
• Maternal serum and breast milk samples were obtained prior to administration of each DOSE of RV1 to infants
• Of the 107 serum pairs from infants who were seronegative for RV IgA at enrollment, we observed a strong positive association between IgG titers in pre-DOSE 1 sera of infants and mothers and significant negative associations between IgG titers in pre-DOSE 1 sera of infants and seroconversion to RV1 post-DOSE 1
• Similarly, mothers whose infants' IgA seroconverted after RV1 had significantly lower pre-DOSE 1 IgG titers in sera than those whose infants did not seroconvert

445. Recombinant BCG Expressing Mycobacterium ulcerans Ag85A Imparts Enhanced Protection against Experimental Buruli ulcer.

• Strikingly, mice vaccinated with a single subcutaneous DOSE of BCG MU-Ag85A or prime-boost displayed significantly enhanced survival, reduced tissue pathology, and lower bacterial load compared to mice vaccinated with BCG

446. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of VGX-3100, a therapeutic synthetic DNA vaccine targeting human papillomavirus 16 and 18 E6 and E7 proteins for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial.

• The primary efficacy endpoint was regression to CIN1 or normal pathology 36 weeks after the first DOSE
• Per-protocol and modified intention-to-treat analyses were based on patients receiving three DOSEs without protocol violations, and on patients receiving at least one DOSE, respectively
• The safety population included all patients who received at least one DOSE

447. Safety and vaccine efficacy of an attenuated Vibrio vulnificus strain with deletions in major cytotoxin genes.

• Moreover, the vaccinated mice were protected from challenges with high DOSEs of the virulent strain through various injection routes

448. Measles vaccination coverage and seroprevalence of anti-measles antibody in south-east Islamic Republic of Iran.

• Vaccination coverage for the second DOSE of MMR vaccine was 93.7%
• The prevalence of anti-measles IgG in those who had received at least 2 MMR vaccine DOSEs was 94.6%

449. The Efficacy of the BCG Vaccine against Newly Emerging Clinical Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• We show here that both BCG Pasteur and recombinant BCG Aeras-422 [used here as a good example of the new generation BCG vaccines] protected well in both mouse and guinea pig low DOSE aerosol infection models against the majority of clinical isolates tested

450. Inactivated Eyedrop Influenza Vaccine Adjuvanted with Poly(I:C) Is Safe and Effective for Inducing Protective Systemic and Mucosal Immunity.

451. Refined live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Enteritidis vaccines mediate homologous and heterologous serogroup protection in mice.

• Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ΔguaBA ΔclpX live oral vaccines to protect mice against a highly lethal challenge DOSE of the homologous serovar and determined protection against other group B and D serovars circulating in sub-Saharan Africa
• Enteritidis CVD 1944 were immunogenic and protected BALB/c mice against 10,000 50% lethal DOSEs (LD50) of S

452. Long-term efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination as post-transplant prophylaxis in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive recipients and HBsAg negative recipients of anti-hepatitis B core positive grafts.

• We retrospectively reviewed 40 HBV positive recipients (HBV+ group) and 27 HBV negative recipients of anti-HBc positive grafts (HBV-/anti-HBc+ graft group), who were administrated double-DOSE hepatitis B vaccination
• Younger recipients have a greater chance to develop sufficient anti-HBs after double-DOSE HBV vaccination, leading to discontinue HBV prophylaxis.

453. Assaying the Potency of Influenza Vaccines.

• The potency of vaccines must be determined to ensure that the appropriate DOSE is given

454. Immunogenicity and safety of Gardasil among mid-adult aged men (27-45 years)--The MAM Study.

• Sera were collected at Day 1 (pre-vaccination) and Month 7 (one month post-DOSE three)

455. Immunogenicity of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine and implications for duration of vaccine efficacy: secondary analysis of data from a phase 3 randomised controlled trial.

• Using data from 8922 African children aged 5-17 months and 6537 African infants aged 6-12 weeks at first vaccination, we analysed the determinants of immunogenicity after RTS,S/AS01 vaccination with or without a booster DOSE
• The immunogenicity of the booster DOSE was strongly associated with immunogenicity after primary vaccination
• After primary vaccination 12% (11-13) of the response was estimated to be long-lived, rising to 30% (28-32%) after a booster DOSE
• Anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres are a surrogate of protection for the magnitude and duration of RTS,S/AS01 efficacy, with or without a booster DOSE, providing a valuable surrogate of effectiveness for new RTS,S formulations in the age groups considered

456. CDP7657, an anti-CD40L antibody lacking an Fc domain, inhibits CD40L-dependent immune responses without thrombotic complications: an in vivo study.

• CDP7657 DOSE-dependently inhibited antigen-specific immune responses to tetanus toxoid in Cynomolgus monkeys, and in contrast to hu5c8, there was no evidence of pulmonary thrombovasculopathy in Rhesus monkeys

457. Risk factors for pertussis hospitalizations in Australians aged 45 years and over: A population based nested case-control study.

• A booster DOSE of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine could be readily integrated into routine vaccination for this age group.

458. Intervals Between PCV13 and PPSV23 Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

• The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) currently recommends that a DOSE of PCV13 be followed by a DOSE of PPSV23 in all adults aged ≥65 years who have not previously received pneumococcal vaccine and in persons aged ≥2 years who are at high risk for pneumococcal disease because of underlying medical conditions (Table) (1-4)

459. Efficacy of transfusion with granulocytes from G-CSF/dexamethasone-treated donors in neutropenic patients with infection.

• High-DOSE granulocyte transfusion therapy has been available for 20 years, yet its clinical efficacy has never been conclusively demonstrated
• Mean transfusion DOSE was 54.9 × 10(9) granulocytes
• In a post hoc analysis, subjects who received an average DOSE per transfusion of ≥0.6 × 10(9) granulocytes per kilogram tended to have better outcomes than those receiving a lower DOSE

460. Effect of rAd5-Vector HIV-1 Preventive Vaccines on HIV-1 Acquisition: A Participant-Level Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

• The modified-intention-to-treat (MITT) cohort included all randomly assigned participants HIV-1 uninfected at study entry, who received at least the first vaccine/placebo, and the Ad5 cohort included MITT participants who received at least one DOSE of rAd5-HIV vaccine or rAd5-placebo

461. Safety, pharmacokinetics and neutralization of the broadly neutralizing HIV-1 human monoclonal antibody VRC01 in healthy adults.

• This Phase I DOSE-escalation study in healthy adults was conducted at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center (Bethesda, MD, USA)
• Primary objectives were the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK) of VRC01 intravenous (i.v.) infusion at 5, 20 or 40 mg/kg, given either once (20 mg/kg) or twice 28 days apart (all DOSEs), and of subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery at 5 mg/kg compared to s.c
• There were no serious adverse events or DOSE-limiting toxicities
• Mean 28-day serum trough concentrations after the first infusion were 35 and 57 μg/ml for groups infused with 20 mg/kg (n = 8) and 40 mg/kg (n = 5) DOSEs, respectively
• Mean 28-day trough concentrations after the second infusion were 56 and 89 μg/ml for the same two DOSEs
• DOSE range (n = 18), the clearance was 0.016 l/h and terminal half-life was 15 days

462. Incidence and Clinical Predictors of Nonresponse to Hepatitis B Vaccination among Patients Receiving Hemodialysis: Importance of Obesity.

• Study inclusion criteria were age 18 years and older, receipt of HD treatment for ≥ 1 month, receipt of ≥ 1 DOSE of HBV vaccine, availability of anti-HB surface antibody (anti-HBs) laboratory values ≥ 2 weeks after last HBV vaccine, and prevaccine anti-HBs value <10 mIU/mL

463. HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer: Unique Features of Epidemiology and Clinical Management.

464. Safety and immunogenicity of RV3-BB human neonatal rotavirus vaccine administered at birth or in infancy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

• A birth DOSE strategy with a vaccine developed from an asymptomatic neonatal rotavirus strain has the potential to address this challenge and provide protection from severe rotavirus disease from birth
• Healthy, full-term (≥36 weeks gestation) babies, who weighed at least 2500 g, and were 0-5 days old at the time of randomisation were randomly assigned (1:1:1; computer-generated; telephone central allocation) according to a concealed block randomisation schedule to oral RV3-BB vaccine with the first DOSE given at 0-5 days after birth (neonatal schedule), to vaccine with the first DOSE given at about 8 weeks after birth (infant schedule), or to placebo
• The primary endpoint was cumulative vaccine take (serum immune response or stool shedding of vaccine virus after any DOSE) after three DOSEs
• A cumulative vaccine take was detected in 27 (90%) of 30 participants in the neonatal schedule group after three DOSEs of RV3-BB vaccine compared with four (13%) of 32 participants in the placebo group (difference in proportions 0·78, 95% CI 0·55-0·88; p<0·0001)
• 25 (93%) of 27 participants in the infant schedule group had a cumulative vaccine take after three DOSEs compared with eight (25%) of 32 participants in the placebo group (difference in proportions 0·68, 0·44-0·81; p<0·0001)
• RV3-BB vaccine was immunogenic and well tolerated when given as a three-DOSE neonatal or infant schedule
• A birth DOSE strategy of RV3-BB vaccine has the potential to improve the effectiveness and implementation of rotavirus vaccines

465. Geospatial patterns of human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in Minnesota.

• In all, 46.2% of participants had received ≥ 1 DOSE of HPV vaccine (67.7% of women and 13.0% of men)

466. Risk factors for delay in age-appropriate vaccinations among Gambian children.

• Analysis was limited to BCG, third DOSE of Diphtheria-Pertussis -Tetanus (DPT3) and measles vaccines

467. Randomized Controlled Study of the Efficacy, Safety and Quality of Life with Low Dose bacillus Calmette-Guérin Instillation Therapy for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

• The optimal DOSE of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin for the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer is controversial
• We investigated if induction therapy with low DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin could achieve a complete response rate similar to that of standard DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin, with less toxicity and higher quality of life
• After transurethral resection, patients with unresectable multiple nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and/or carcinoma in situ were randomized to receive standard (80 mg) or low DOSE (40 mg) bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation induction therapy (weekly, 8 times)
• The primary end point was noninferiority of low DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin with a null hypothesis of a 15% decrease in complete response rate
• In an intent to treat analysis of 166 patients the complete response rates for low DOSE and standard DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin were 79% (95% CI 0.70-0.88) and 85% (95% CI 0.77-0.92), respectively
• Dunnett-Gent analysis revealed that the null hypothesis of inferiority of low DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin in terms of complete response could not be rejected (p = 0.119)
• Low DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin was associated with significantly less fever (p = 0.001) and micturition pain (p = 0.047), and significantly higher quality of life scores for global quality of life, role functioning and functional impairment
• The noninferiority of low DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin was not proven
• However, low DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin was associated with lower toxicity and higher quality of life compared to standard DOSE bacillus Calmette-Guérin in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.

468. Curcumin combined with FAPαc vaccine elicits effective antitumor response by targeting indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase and inhibiting EMT induced by TNF-α in melanoma.

469. The Impact of a One-Dose versus Two-Dose Oral Cholera Vaccine Regimen in Outbreak Settings: A Modeling Study.

• Here we ask under what conditions the use of one DOSE rather than the internationally licensed two-DOSE protocol may do both
• Using mathematical models we determined the minimum relative single-DOSE efficacy (MRSE) at which single-DOSE reactive campaigns are expected to be as or more effective than two-DOSE campaigns with the same amount of vaccine
• Average one- and two-DOSE OCV effectiveness was estimated from published literature and compared to the MRSE
• Results were applied to recent outbreaks in Haiti, Zimbabwe, and Guinea using stochastic simulations to illustrate the potential impact of one- and two-DOSE campaigns
• At the start of an epidemic, a single DOSE must be 35%-56% as efficacious as two DOSEs to avert the same number of cases with a fixed amount of vaccine (i.e., MRSE between 35% and 56%)
• Short-term OCV effectiveness is estimated to be 77% (95% CI 57%-88%) for two DOSEs and 44% (95% CI -27% to 76%) for one DOSE
• This results in a one-DOSE relative efficacy estimate of 57% (interquartile range 13%-88%), which is above conservative MRSE estimates
• Using our best estimates of one- and two-DOSE efficacy, we projected that a single-DOSE reactive campaign could have prevented 70,584 (95% prediction interval [PI] 55,943-86,205) cases in Zimbabwe, 78,317 (95% PI 57,435-100,150) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and 2,826 (95% PI 2,490-3,170) cases in Conakry, Guinea: 1.1 to 1.2 times as many as a two-DOSE campaign
• While extensive sensitivity analyses were performed, our projections of cases averted in past epidemics are based on severely limited single-DOSE efficacy data and may not fully capture uncertainty due to imperfect surveillance data and uncertainty about the transmission dynamics of cholera in each setting
• Reactive vaccination campaigns using a single DOSE of OCV may avert more cases and deaths than a standard two-DOSE campaign when vaccine supplies are limited, while at the same time reducing logistical complexity
• These findings should motivate consideration of the trade-offs between one- and two-DOSE campaigns in resource-constrained settings, though further field efficacy data are needed and should be a priority in any one-DOSE campaign.

470. Cost-effectiveness analysis of routine immunization and supplementary immunization activity for measles in a health district of Benin.

• RI consists to vaccinate an annual cohort of children aged 0-1 year old and SIA consists to provide a second DOSE of measles vaccine to children aged 0-5 years old in order to reach both those who did not seroconvert and who were not vaccinated through RI
• Effectiveness indicators included measles vaccine DOSEs used, vaccinated children, measles cases averted and disability adjusted life years averted

471. Predictors of Vaccination in India for Children Aged 12-36 Months.

• Children's vaccination status was categorized as fully, under-, and non-vaccinated based on whether children received all, some, or none of the UIP-recommended vaccines (one DOSE each of bacillus Calmette-Guérin and measles, and three DOSEs of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)

472. Infant respiratory infections and later respiratory hospitalisation in childhood.

• We noted a DOSE response with the number and length of infant ARI hospitalisations and increasing risk with no effect modification by gestational age
• Recurrent hospitalisations for ARI in infancy significantly increase the risk of respiratory morbidity and asthma requiring hospitalisation after the age of 3 years in a DOSE-response fashion

473. Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea - the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge.

• Subsequently, appropriately designed, randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating efficacy, ideal DOSE, toxicity, adverse effects, cost, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics data for anogenital and, importantly, also pharyngeal gonorrhoea, i.e

474. Electron-Beam-Inactivated Vaccine Against Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization in Molting Hens.

• An eBeam DOSE of 2.5 kGy (kilograys) was used to inactivate a high-titer (10(8) colony-forming units [CFU]) preparation of SE cells

475. Efficacy, Safety, and Interactions of a Live Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Vaccine for Chickens Based on Strain IBD V877.

• The safety of the vaccine was demonstrated in a study in which specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated with a tenfold DOSE of the vaccine strain and a tenfold DOSE of the vaccine strain after five back passages in SPF chickens

476. Examining the role of different age groups, and of vaccination during the 2012 Minnesota pertussis outbreak.

• Receipt of the fifth DOSE of DTaP was associated with a decreased relative role during the outbreak's ascent compared to non-receipt [OR 0.16 (0.01, 0.84) for children aged 5, 0.13 (0.003, 0.82) for ages 8-10y, indicating a protective effect of DTaP against pertussis infection

477. Intussusception after monovalent rotavirus vaccine-United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2008-2014.

• We conducted a self-controlled risk interval analysis using Poisson regression to estimate the daily reporting ratio (DRR) of intussusception after the first 2 DOSEs of RV1 comparing average daily reports 3-6 versus 0-2 days after vaccination
• A significant clustering was observed on days 3-8 after does1 (p=0.001) and days 2-7 after DOSE 2 (p=0.001)
• The DRR comparing the 3-6 day and the 0-2 day periods after RV1 DOSE 1 was 7.5 (95% CI=2.3, 24.6), translating to an excess risk of 1.6 (95% CI=0.3, 5.8) per 100,000 vaccinations
• The DRR was elevated but not significant after DOSE 2 (2.4 [95% CI=0.8,7.5])
• We observed a significant increased risk of intussusception 3-6 days after DOSE 1 of RV1

478. Increased Immune Response Variability during Simultaneous Viral Coinfection Leads to Unpredictability in CD8 T Cell Immunity and Pathogenesis.

• In mice with PICV-dominant responses, during a high-DOSE challenge with LCMV clone 13, increased immunopathology was associated with a reduced number of LCMV-specific effector memory CD8 T cells

479. Chimpanzee adenovirus- and MVA-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults.

• We performed an open-label, DOSE escalation, phase 1 clinical trial in 42 healthy adults in which four different combinations of prime/boost vaccinations were investigated for safety and immunogenicity, including both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) administration of the adenovirus-vectored vaccine

480. Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Infections in 18- to 24-Year-Old Female Online Daters.

• Self-reporting a history of receiving at least 1 DOSE of HPV vaccine was inversely associated with testing positive for HPV-16 or HPV-18 (aPR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-0.97)

481. Mucosal B Cells Are Associated with Delayed SIV Acquisition in Vaccinated Female but Not Male Rhesus Macaques Following SIVmac251 Rectal Challenge.

• Up to 9 weekly intrarectal challenges with low-DOSE SIVmac251 were administered until macaques became infected

482. Construction of a recombinant duck enteritis virus (DEV) expressing hemagglutinin of H5N1 avian influenza virus based on an infectious clone of DEV vaccine strain and evaluation of its efficacy in ducks and chickens.

• A single DOSE of 10(6) TCID50 DEV-vectored vaccine provided 100 % protection against duck viral enteritis in ducks, and the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer of AIV H5N1 with a peak of 8.2 log2 was detected in 3-week-old layer chickens

483. Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of intradermal versus intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination in end-stage renal disease population unresponsive to primary vaccination series.

• Hepatitis B vaccination type, DOSE, route, and seroconversion rates were tabulated for each study
• Additional well-designed, double-blinded, randomized trials are warranted to establish clear guidelines on ID Hepatitis B vaccine DOSE and duration of vaccination schedule.

484. Current status of human papillomavirus vaccination.

• Population coverage would be facilitated by adopting two-DOSE schedules, with recent findings that two-DOSE schedules in young adolescents are as immunogenic as three DOSEs in young adults

485. Safety and immunogenicity of double-dose versus standard-dose hepatitis B revaccination in non-responding adults with HIV-1 (ANRS HB04 B-BOOST): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.

• Revaccination with double-DOSE hepatitis B vaccine has been recommended in HIV-infected patients who do not respond to standard vaccination, but has not yet been assessed
• HIV-infected adults (aged ≥18 years), with CD4 counts of 200 cells per μL or more and no response to a previous hepatitis B vaccination or a 20 μg booster DOSE, were randomly assigned (1:1), according to a computer-generated randomisation list with permuted blocks (block sizes of two to six), to receive either standard-DOSE (20 μg) or double-DOSE (40 μg) recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at weeks 0, 4, and 24
• Between May 19, 2008, and May 8, 2011, 178 participants were randomly assigned to the standard-DOSE group (n=90) or the double-DOSE group (n=88), of whom 176 (98%) participants were included in the primary efficacy analysis
• At week 28, we recorded a response in 60 patients (67%, 95% CI 57-77) in the standard-DOSE group versus 64 patients (74%, 63-82) in the double-DOSE group (p=0·334)
• Except for more frequent local reactions in the double-DOSE group than the standard-DOSE group (13 [15%] vs four [4%] patients; p=0·020), there was no difference in safety between groups
• In adults with HIV-1 who have not responded to previous hepatitis B vaccination, double-DOSE revaccination did not achieve a higher response rate than did revaccination with standard single-DOSE regimen
• Our results should be assessed in future studies before double-DOSE vaccine can be considered for the standard of care of vaccine non-responders

486. EBOLA VACCINE. VSV-EBOV rapidly protects macaques against infection with the 2014/15 Ebola virus outbreak strain.

• Complete and partial protection was achieved with a single DOSE given as late as 7 and 3 days before challenge, respectively

487. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine expressing Ebola surface glycoprotein: interim results from the Guinea ring vaccination cluster-randomised trial.

• After laboratory confirmation of a new case, clusters of all contacts and contacts of contacts were defined and randomly allocated 1:1 to immediate vaccination or delayed (21 days later) vaccination with rVSV-ZEBOV (one DOSE of 2 × 10(7) plaque-forming units, administered intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle)

488. The effect of dose on the safety and immunogenicity of the VSV Ebola candidate vaccine: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 trial.

• The safe use of replication-competent vaccines requires a careful DOSE-selection process
• We report the first safety and immunogenicity results in volunteers receiving 3 × 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) of the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based candidate vaccine expressing the Zaire Ebola virus glycoprotein (rVSV-ZEBOV; low-DOSE vaccinees) compared with 59 volunteers who had received 1 ×10(7) pfu (n=35) or 5 × 10(7) pfu (n=16) of rVSV-ZEBOV (high-DOSE vaccinees) or placebo (n=8) before a safety-driven study hold
• The Geneva rVSV-ZEBOV study, an investigator-initiated phase 1/2, DOSE-finding, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted at the University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland, enrolled non-pregnant, immunocompetent, and otherwise healthy adults aged 18-65 years
• Participants from the low-DOSE group with no plans to deploy to Ebola-aff5cted regions (non-deployable) were randomised 9:1 in a double-blind fashion using randomly permuted blocks of varying sizes to a single injection of 3 × 10(5) pfu or placebo, whereas deployable participants received single-injection 3 × 10(5) pfu open-label
• After viral oligoarthritis was observed in 11 of the first 51 vaccinees (22%) receiving 10(7) or 5 × 10(7) pfu, 56 participants were given a lower DOSE (3 × 10(5) pfu, n=51) or placebo (n=5) to assess the effect of DOSE reduction on safety and immunogenicity
• Between Jan 5 and Jan 26, 2015, 43 non-deployable participants received low-DOSE rVSV-ZEBOV (3 × 10(5) pfu) or placebo in a double-blind fashion, whereas 13 deployable participants received 3 × 10(5) pfu open-label
• Altogether, in the low-DOSE group, 51 participants received rVSV-ZEBOV and five received placebo
• At 3 × 10(5) pfu, early-onset reactogenicity remained frequent (45 [88%] of 51 compared with 50 [98%] of 51 high DOSE and two [15%] of 13 placebo recipients), but mild
• Objective fever was present in one (2%) of 51 low-DOSE versus 13 (25%) of 51 high-DOSE vaccinees receiving at least 1 ×10(7) pfu (p<0·0001)
• Although seropositivity rates remained similarly high (48 [94%] of 51), day-28 EBOV-glycoprotein-binding and neutralising antibody titres were lower in low-DOSE versus high-DOSE vaccinees (geometric mean titres 344·5 [95% CI 229·7-516·4] vs 1064·2 [757·6-1495·1]; p<0·0001; and 35·1 [24·7-50·7] vs 127·0 [86·0-187·6]; p<0·0001, respectively)
• Furthermore, oligoarthritis again occurred on day 10 (median; IQR 9-14) in 13 (25%) of 51 low-DOSE vaccinees, with maculopapular, vesicular dermatitis, or both in seven (54%) of 13; arthritis was associated with increasing age in low-DOSE but not high-DOSE vaccinees
• Reducing the DOSE of rVSV-ZEBOV improved its early tolerability but lowered antibody responses and did not prevent vaccine-induced arthritis, dermatitis, or vasculitis

489. Vaccinia virus strain LC16m8 defective in the B5R gene keeps strong protection comparable to its parental strain Lister in immunodeficient mice.

• The protective activity of LC16m8 vaccine against challenge with a lethal DOSE of vaccinia Western Reserve strain was assessed in wild-type and immunodeficient mice lacking CD4, MHC class I, MHC class II or MHC class I and II antigens

490. Comparison of the efficacy of Neethling lumpy skin disease virus and x10RM65 sheep-pox live attenuated vaccines for the prevention of lumpy skin disease - The results of a randomized controlled field study.

• Fifteen dairy herds, vaccinated 2-5 months prior to study onset with a single DOSE of 10(2.5) TCID50 of RM65 attenuated sheep-pox vaccine, and not affected previously, were enrolled in the study
• 4694 cows were randomized to be either vaccinated with a 10(3.5) TCID50/DOSE of RM65 vaccine (x10RM65) or with a same DOSE of an attenuated Neethling LSD virus vaccine

491. Reduction of avian influenza virus shedding by administration of Toll-like receptor ligands to chickens.

• In addition, the effects of TLR ligand DOSE and route of administration on the efficiency of TLR ligands to reduce AIV shedding were examined
• Chickens were treated with TLR2, 4, 7 and 21 ligands using different DOSEs and routes of administration, 18h before AIV infection

492. Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques.

• Here, we have studied the capacity of anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against either the immunodominant region of gp41 (7B2 IgG1), the first constant region of gp120 (A32 IgG1), or the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 (CH22 IgG1) to modulate in vivo rectal mucosal transmission of a high-DOSE simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-BaL) in rhesus macaques

493. Administration of naloxone in combination with recombinant Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 in BALB/c mice induces mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses.

• Mice were immunized subcutaneously with purified rPvAMA-1 formulated with NLX (DOSEs of 5 mg/kg body weight) alone or in combination with IFA
• Additionally, DOSE-response study is necessary to determine the effect of different DOSEs of antigen combined with NLX (at various DOSEs) in Balb/c mice

494. Measles in Poland in 2013.

• Vaccination coverage of children and youth aged 2-11 years ranged from 82.8% do 99.5% (primary vaccination in children born in 2012-2007) and from 73.6% to 93.2% (booster DOSE in children born in 2004-2001)

495. Evidence for CVD 103-HgR as an effective single-dose oral cholera vaccine.

• We propose the ideal oral cholera vaccine (OCV) should be an inexpensive, single, oral DOSE that rapidly confers immunity for a long duration, and is well tolerated by individuals vulnerable to cholera
• Vaccine trials in industrialized countries of a single oral DOSE of 5 × 10(8) colony forming units (CFU) of the live, attenuated cholera strain CVD 103-HgR have shown 88-97% serum vibriocidal antibody seroconversion rates, a correlate of protection and documented vaccine efficacy of ≥80% using volunteer challenge studies with wild-type cholera
• For individuals of developing countries, a 5 × 10(9) CFU DOSE of CVD 103-HgR is necessary to elicit similar antibody responses

496. Vaccination with different doses of Dermatophagoides farinae in a mouse model of allergic asthma.

• The efficacy of vaccination with different DOSEs of a vaccine has not been clarified
• The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the DOSEs of purified house dust mite allergen, and allergic airway inflammation and airway reactivity in a mouse model of allergic asthma
• It was found that vaccination with the medium DOSE of Der f showed a stronger inhibitory effect
• There seems to be a DOSE-dependent response between allergen and both airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in the mouse model of allergic asthma.

497. Characterization of a Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Pneumonic Plague for Evaluation of Vaccine Efficacy.

• The efficacy of a recombinant plague vaccine (rF1V) was evaluated in cynomolgus macaques (CMs) to establish the relationship among vaccine DOSEs, antibody titers, and survival following an aerosol challenge with a lethal DOSE of Yersinia pestis strain Colorado 92
• CMs were vaccinated with a range of rF1V DOSEs on a three-DOSE schedule (days 0, 56, and 121) to provide a range of survival outcomes
• Vaccine DOSEs and antibody responses were each significantly associated with the probability of CM survival (P < 0.0001)
• Vaccination also decreased signs of pneumonic plague in a DOSE-dependent manner
• There were statistically significant correlations between the vaccine DOSE and the time to onset of fever (P < 0.0001), the time from onset of fever to death (P < 0.0001), the time to onset of elevated respiratory rate (P = 0.0003), and the time to onset of decreased activity (P = 0.0251) postinfection in animals exhibiting these clinical signs
• Delays in the onset of these clinical signs of disease were associated with larger DOSEs of rF1V
• Since both the vaccine DOSE and anti-rF1V antibody titers correlate with survival, rF1V bridge ELISA titers can be used as a correlate of protection.

498. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Routinely Vaccinated Healthy and Chronically Ill Children in Assiut, Upper Egypt.

• Booster DOSE in the second year of life is recommended for all children, particularly for those with diabetes millets, congenital heart disease and malnutrition.

499. An Assessment of the Expected Cost-Effectiveness of Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines in Ontario, Canada Using a Static Model.

• In the base case, we used IIV3 and IIV4 prices of $5.5/DOSE and $7/DOSE, respectively

500. Effectiveness of the First Dose of BCG against Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected, Predominantly Immunodeficient Children.

501. Comparative efficacy of experimental inactivated and live-attenuated chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV) 1-2b vaccines derived from PCV1 and PCV2b isolates originated in China.

• In this study, the efficacy of inactivated and live-attenuated (2 × 10(3.5) or 2 × 10(4.0) 50% tissue culture infective DOSE [TCID50] DOSE) chimeric PCV1-2b vaccines was compared side-by-side in conventional pigs
• Moreover, no viremia was present in pigs inoculated with live-attenuated PCV1-2b vaccine at 21 DPC regardless of the DOSE difference

502. The ring vaccination trial: a novel cluster randomised controlled trial design to evaluate vaccine efficacy and effectiveness during outbreaks, with special reference to Ebola.

• This paper describes the protocol for a novel cluster randomised controlled trial design which uses ring vaccination.In the Ebola ça suffit ring vaccination trial, rings are randomised 1:1 to (a) immediate vaccination of eligible adults with single DOSE vaccination or (b) vaccination delayed by 21 days

503. Prevention of serious events in adults 65 years of age or older: A comparison between high-dose and standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccines.

• A recent study showed that a high-DOSE inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV-HD) was 24.2% more efficacious than a standard-DOSE inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV-SD) in preventing laboratory-confirmed symptomatic influenza in adults ≥65 years

504. Risk of spontaneous abortion and other pregnancy outcomes in 15-25 year old women exposed to human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in the United Kingdom.

• The study population included women aged 15-25 years registered with the Clinical Practice Research Datalink General Practice OnLine Database in the United Kingdom (UK), who received at least one HPV-16/18-vaccine DOSE between 1st September 2008 and 30th June 2011
• Exposed women had the first day of gestation between 30 days before and 45 days (90 days for the extended exposure period) after any HPV-16/18-vaccine DOSE
• Non-exposed women had the first day of gestation 120 days-18 months after the last DOSE
• Sensitivity analysis per number of DOSEs administered (-30 to +45-day risk period) showed a HR for SA of 1.11 (0.64-1.91) for 18/178 women with one DOSE during the risk period versus 2.55 (1.09-5.93) in 6/29 women with two DOSEs within a 4-5 weeks period

505. Comparison of Accelerated and Standard Hepatitis B Vaccination Schedules in High-Risk Healthy Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

• Although accelerated schedules produced anti-hepatitis B levels higher than the standard schedule for the first month after the initial vaccine DOSE, they were significantly lower than the standard schedule after 6 months, except for an accelerated schedule that called for a fourth booster injection 12 months after the initial DOSE
• However, additional studies on the long-term protection and effectiveness of the primary DOSEs of accelerated schedules are necessary.

506. A Malaysia 97 monovalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (>6PD50/dose) protects pigs against challenge with a variant FMDV A SEA-97 lineage virus, 4 and 7 days post vaccination.

• In this study we investigated the efficacy of the double oil emulsion A Malaysia 97 vaccine (>6PD50/DOSE) against heterologous challenge with an isolate belonging to the A SEA-97 lineage at 4 and 7 days post vaccination (dpv)

507. Repurposing Kinase Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents to Control Influenza A Virus Replication.

508. Efficacy and immunogenicity of high-dose influenza vaccine in older adults by age, comorbidities, and frailty.

• A randomized trial demonstrated that a high-DOSE inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV-HD) was 24.2% more efficacious than a standard-DOSE vaccine (IIV-SD) against laboratory-confirmed influenza illness in adults ≥65 years

509. Vaccination with a Live Attenuated Cytomegalovirus Devoid of a Protein Kinase R Inhibitory Gene Results in Reduced Maternal Viremia and Improved Pregnancy Outcome in a Guinea Pig Congenital Infection Model.

• In the higher- and lower-DOSE vaccine groups, pup mortality was reduced to 1/24 (4%) and 4/29 (14%) pups, respectively, whereas it was 26/31 (81%) in unvaccinated control pups (P < 0.0001 for both groups versus the control group)

510. Current Immunotherapies for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

• Renal cell carcinoma is known to potentially respond favorably to immunotherapy, with a small subset of patients achieving durable responses to high DOSE interleukin-2 therapy

511. Delta Inulin Adjuvant Enhances Plasmablast Generation, Expression of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase and B-Cell Affinity Maturation in Human Subjects Receiving Seasonal Influenza Vaccine.

• This pilot study utilised cryopreserved 7 day post-vaccination (7dpv) peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples obtained from a subset of 25 adult subjects from the FLU006-12 trial who had been immunized intramuscularly with a standard DOSE of 2012 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) alone (n=9 subjects) or combined with 5mg (n=8) or 10mg (n=8) of Advax adjuvant

512. Aerosolized Ebola vaccine protects primates and elicits lung-resident T cell responses.

• Moreover, 1 aerosol HPIV3/EboGP DOSE conferred 100% protection to macaques exposed to EBOV

513. Do Maternal Living Arrangements Influence the Vaccination Status of Children Age 12-23 Months? A Data Analysis of Demographic Health Surveys 2010-11 from Zimbabwe.

• Incomplete vaccination of children (outcome), was defined as not having received one DOSE of BCG and measles, 3 DOSEs of polio and DPT/Pentavalent

514. A Cost Analysis of the 1-2-3 Pap Intervention.

• The three-DOSE human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series is a cost-effective intervention to prevent HPV infection and resultant cervical cancer

515. Attenuation of the influenza virus by microRNA response element in vivo and protective efficacy against 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in mice.

• Female BALB/c mice were vaccinated intranasally with the miRT-H1N1 and challenged with a lethal DOSE of homologous virus

516. Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate bioconjugate vaccine against Shigella dysenteriae type 1 administered to healthy adults: A single blind, partially randomized Phase I study.

• Forty subjects (10 in each DOSE group; 2 μg or 10 μg with or without aluminium adjuvant) received two injections 60 days apart and were followed-up for 150 days
• Both DOSEs and formulations were well tolerated; the safety and reactogenicity profiles were consistent with that of other conjugated vaccines, adjuvanted or not, independent of the DOSE and the number of injections
• It elicited a significant humoral response to Shigella O1 polysaccharides at all DOSEs tested

517. Protective immune-response of aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvanted phage lysate of Brucella abortus S19 in mice against direct virulent challenge with B. abortus 544.

• Three polypeptides of ∼16, 19 and 23 kDa could be identified as immuno-dominant antigens of the lysate which induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in a DOSE dependent manner
• Results of efficacy evaluation trial confirmed DOSE-dependent protective potencies of lysate preparation
• The lysate with an antigenic DOSE of 0.52 μg protein and 60 μg CHO adsorbed on aluminium gel (0.1 percent aluminium concentration) exhibited the highest protective potency which was greater than that induced by standard S19 vaccine

518. A Study on Longevity of Immune Response after Vaccination with Salmonella Typhi Vi Conjugate Vaccine (Pedatyph™) in Children.

• Duration of immune response induced by these vaccines is critical to define the efficacy and frequency of required booster DOSE
• This study was done to determine the duration of immune response following vaccination with Salmonella Typhi Vi conjugate vaccine (Pedatyph™) in children and to assess the booster effect of second DOSE of conjugate typhoid vaccine
• Forty children were recalled from a cohort of 400 children, who received one DOSE or two DOSEs of PedaTyph™, 30 months after vaccination
• Geometric mean titers (GMT) with 95% confidence intervals were 14 (4.8-29.8), 17 (7.4-33) and 6.4 (0.8-12) μg/ml for single DOSE, two DOSEs and control group respectively
• The children in two DOSEs group had higher antibody titers as compared to single DOSE group
• No significant advantage of two DOSEs regimen over one DOSE was found
• Hence one DOSE vaccination with PedaTyph™ is suggested.

519. Immunization in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: A Practical Guide for General Practitioners.

• In general, live vaccines should be avoided among patients receiving high DOSEs of immunosuppressive drugs
• However, they may be given to patients receiving low DOSE steroids and methotrexate

520. A Cholera Conjugate Vaccine Containing O-specific Polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae O1 Inaba and Recombinant Fragment of Tetanus Toxin Heavy Chain (OSP:rTTHc) Induces Serum, Memory and Lamina Proprial Responses against OSP and Is Protective in Mice.

• We assessed a range of vaccine DOSEs based on the OSP content of the vaccine (10-50 μg), vaccine compositions varying by molar loading ratio of OSP to rTTHc (3:1, 5:1, 10:1), effect of an adjuvant, and route of immunization
• In general, we found comparable immune responses in mice immunized with these variations, although memory B cell and vibriocidal responses were blunted in mice receiving the highest DOSE of vaccine (50 μg)

521. Recombinant Salmonella Expressing Burkholderia mallei LPS O Antigen Provides Protection in a Murine Model of Melioidosis and Glanders.

• thailandensis and were significantly protected against challenge with a lethal DOSE of B

522. Ad35.CS.01-RTS,S/AS01 Heterologous Prime Boost Vaccine Efficacy against Sporozoite Challenge in Healthy Malaria-Naïve Adults.

• In an observer blind, phase 2 trial, 55 adults were randomized to receive one DOSE of Ad35.CS.01 vaccine followed by two DOSEs of RTS,S/AS01 (ARR-group) or three DOSEs of RTS,S/AS01 (RRR-group) at months 0, 1, 2 followed by controlled human malaria infection

523. Matrix M H5N1 Vaccine Induces Cross-H5 Clade Humoral Immune Responses in a Randomized Clinical Trial and Provides Protection from Highly Pathogenic Influenza Challenge in Ferrets.

• Sixty adults were recruited into a randomized clinical trial and were intramuscularly immunized with two virosomal vaccine H5N1 (NIBRG-14) DOSEs (21 days apart) of 30 μg HA alone or 1.5, 7.5 or 30 μg HA adjuvanted with Matrix M
• The serological responses against the homologous and cross-reactive strains generally peaked one week after the second DOSE, and formulation with Matrix M augmented the responses

524. Immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in men.

• All subjects were administered a 3-DOSE regimen (Day 1, Month 2, Month 6) of 9vHPV vaccine

525. Preclinical development of a dengue tetravalent recombinant subunit vaccine: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in nonhuman primates.

• Three different DOSEs and two dosing regimens (0, 1, 2 months and 0, 1, 2, and 6 months) were evaluated in these studies
• The two antigens, evaluated at 6, 20 and 100 μg/DOSE formulated with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant, were equally immunogenic
• A similar study was conducted to evaluate tetravalent formulations at low (3, 3, 3, 6 μg of DEN1-80E, DEN2-80E, DEN3-80E and DEN4-80E respectively), medium (10, 10, 10, 20 μg) and high (50, 50, 50, 100 μg) DOSEs
• All DOSEs were comparably immunogenic and induced high titer, balanced neutralizing antibodies against all four DENV
• Upon challenge with the four wild-type DENV, all animals in the low and medium DOSE groups were protected against viremia while two animals in the high-DOSE group exhibited breakthrough viremia
• Overall, the subunit vaccine was demonstrated to induce strong neutralization titers resulting in protection against viremia following challenge even 8-12 months after the last vaccine DOSE.

526. Efficacy of antigen dosage on the hepatitis B vaccine response in infants born to hepatitis B-uninfected and hepatitis B-infected mothers.

• Three DOSEs of 10 or 5 μg recombinant HB vaccine were randomly administered by 1:1 within 24 h after birth, at 1 month and at 6 months
• After 1 month of the third DOSE, the Group A infants who received the 10 μg HB vaccine achieved a higher geometric mean concentration (GMC) of HB surface antibody (anti-HBs) than those who received the 5 μg dosage

527. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine in children in China: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

• We aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a three-DOSE oral recombinant H pylori vaccine in children in China
• Between Dec 2, 2004, and March 19, 2005, we randomly assigned 4464 participants to either the vaccine group (n=2232) or the placebo group (n=2232), of whom 4403 (99%) participants completed the three-DOSE vaccination schedule and were included in the per-protocol efficacy analysis

528. Monoclonal antibody, mAb 4C13, an effective detoxicant antibody against ricin poisoning.

• By intravenous injection, mAb 4C13 could rescue the mouse intraperitoneally (ip) injected with a lethal DOSE of ricin (20μg/kg) even at 6h after the intoxication and its efficacy was dependent on its dosage

529. Do Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Represent Good Value for Money in a Lower-Middle Income Country? A Cost-Utility Analysis in the Philippines.

• With universal vaccination at a cost per DOSE of Php 624 for PCV10 and Php 700 for PCV13, both PCVs are cost-effective compared to no vaccination given the ceiling threshold of Php 120,000 per QALY gained, yielding ICERs of Php 68,182 and Php 54,510 for PCV10 and PCV13, respectively

530. A hospital-associated measles outbreak among individuals not targeted for vaccination in eastern China, 2014.

• We conclude that in addition to maintaining high 2-DOSE coverage with measles vaccine, working with hospital infection control programs to implement evidence-based strategies to prevent or limit hospital transmission is an important action for eliminating measles in eastern China.

531. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Universal Vaccination of Adults Aged 60 Years with 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine versus Current Practice in Brazil.

• Economic evaluation using a Markov model to compare two strategies: (1) universal vaccination of adults aged 60 years with one DOSE of PPV23 and 2) current practice (vaccination of institutionalized elderly and elderly with underlying diseases)

532. Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Delivered by Aerosol to the Lungs of Macaques.

• Polyfunctional CD4 T cells were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 8 weeks following vaccination in a DOSE-dependent manner

533. Dose-dependent effects of experimental infection with the virulent Neospora caninum Nc-Spain7 isolate in a pregnant mouse model.

• Considering these results, it is reasonable to lower the challenge DOSE to 10(5) tachyzoites in further experiments when assessing drugs or vaccine candidates.

534. Efficacy and long-term durability of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine among intramuscular vaccine nonresponders: A prospective study in healthcare personnel.

• The medical records of 4007 healthcare personnel who had worked in the hospital between 1996 and 2006 were examined and those with an unsatisfactory level (<10 mIU/ml) of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) following two courses of a three-DOSE intramuscular HBV vaccine ("nonresponders") were identified
• Nonresponders were vaccinated with three DOSEs of 5 µg of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen-based vaccine at weeks 0, 2, and 4
• Level of HBsAb was determined 4 weeks after the last DOSE, and an additional DOSE was administered as needed
• HBsAb level was again determined 24 weeks after the final vaccine DOSE to assess late immune reactivity and long-term durability of the vaccine
• The proportion of subjects with satisfactory HBsAb level at 4 weeks after the last administered DOSE was 70.3% (19/27)

535. Immunogenicity and Safety of a 9-Valent HPV Vaccine.

• Subjects (N = 3066) received a 3-DOSE regimen of 9vHPV vaccine administered at day 1, month 2, and month 6
• At 4 weeks after DOSE 3, >99% of girls, boys, and young women seroconverted for each vaccine HPV type
• Persistence of anti-HPV responses was demonstrated through 2.5 years after DOSE 3

536. Immunogenicity and safety of an E. coli-produced bivalent human papillomavirus (type 16 and 18) vaccine: A randomized controlled phase 2 clinical trial.

• The designated DOSEs are the combined micrograms of HPV16 and 18 VLPs with DOSE ratio of 2:1
• All but one of the seronegative participants who received 3 DOSEs of the HPV vaccines seroconverted at month 7 for anti-HPV 16/18 neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies

537. Safety and efficacy of a new octavalent combined Erysipelas, Parvo and Leptospira vaccine in gilts against Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona associated disease and foetal death.

• The safety (2× overDOSE and repeated DOSE) was tested in 26 gilts

538. Local radiotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to generate abscopal responses in patients with metastatic solid tumours: a proof-of-principle trial.

539. Modulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide on a DNA vaccine against nervous necrosis virus in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides).

• The incorporation of CpG ODN at high DOSE did not significantly affect the level of NNV-specific antibodies, but was able to moderately enhance the expression of Mx and IL-1β on day 7, indicating its ability in modulating innate response

540. Choice of measures of vaccination and estimates of risk of pediatric pertussis.

• Vaccination uptake at the individual level can be assessed in a variety of ways, including traditional measures of being up-to-date (UTD), measures of UTD that consider DOSE timing, like age-appropriate vaccination, and risk reduction from individual DOSEs
• There was a decrease in risk of pertussis for each additional DOSE received with the greatest reduction in pertussis infection observed from the first (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.83) and second DOSE (OR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.34)
• Additional DOSEs conferred minimal additional protection in this age group
• Examining vaccination status by individual DOSEs may offer improved predictive capacity for identifying children at risk for pertussis infection compared to the traditional UTD measure.

541. Evaluation of recombinant SEA-TSST fusion toxoid for protection against superantigen induced toxicity in mouse model.

• Approximately 80% and 50% of actively and passively immunized mice respectively were protected from lethal DOSE against S

542. Influenza vaccination in children primed with MF59-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine.

• We compared the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) versus MF59-adjuvanted TIV (aTIV) in children who received 2 half or full DOSEs of aTIV or TIV, or non-influenza control vaccine, in an efficacy trial conducted 2 years earlier
• The response to the B/Victoria lineage antigen in the second year's vaccine (the first vaccine contained a B/Yamagata lineage antigen) demonstrated that aTIV primed for an adequate response after a single DOSE on Day 22 (GMTs 160, 95 to antigens in the 2 lineages, respectively), whereas TIV did not (GMTs 38, 20)

543. A Comparison of Red Fluorescent Proteins to Model DNA Vaccine Expression by Whole Animal In Vivo Imaging.

• A protective immune response against H1N1 influenza was induced by all routes, even after a single DOSE of DNA, though qualitative differences were observed, with tattooing leading to high antibody responses and subcutaneous DNA leading to high CD8 responses

544. Effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child transmission practice in three provinces of Southern China.

• We selected prefectures with low timely birth DOSE coverage in Yunnan, Guangxi, and Hunan provinces
• HBeAg status of pregnant women, timely birth DOSE (TBD) of hepatitis B vaccine were major predictors for HBV infection of infants

545. Yellow Fever Vaccine Booster Doses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015.

• On February 26, 2015, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted that a single primary DOSE of yellow fever vaccine provides long-lasting protection and is adequate for most travelers
• ACIP also approved recommendations for at-risk laboratory personnel and certain travelers to receive additional DOSEs of yellow fever vaccine (Box)
• The evidence for benefits and risks associated with yellow fever vaccine booster DOSEs was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework
• This report summarizes the evidence considered by ACIP and provides the updated recommendations for yellow fever vaccine booster DOSEs.

546. Microneedle Vaccination Elicits Superior Protection and Antibody Response over Intranasal Vaccination against Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) in Mice.

• As vaccine DOSE for IN vaccination increased, MN-immunized sera showed much higher antigen-specific antibody responses and HI titer than other IN groups

547. Intussusception following rotavirus vaccination in the Valencia Region, Spain.

548. Understanding paratyphoid infection: study protocol for the development of a human model of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A challenge in healthy adult volunteers.

• Paratyphi A bacteria (NVGH308 strain) with a bicarbonate buffer solution to establish the infectious DOSE resulting in an 'attack rate' of 60-75%
• Using an a priori decision-making algorithm, the challenge DOSE will be escalated or de-escalated to achieve the target attack rate, with the aim of reaching the study end point while exposing as few individuals as possible to infection

549. Rationally designed chemokine-based toxin targeting the viral G protein-coupled receptor US28 potently inhibits cytomegalovirus infection in vivo.

550. Enhanced neutralising antibody response to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) induced by DNA vaccination in calves.

• Increasing the DOSE of DNA plasmid to activate innate immunity has been shown to improve DNA vaccine adaptive immunity

551. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Evaluating Safety and Immunogenicity of the Killed, Bivalent, Whole-Cell Oral Cholera Vaccine in Ethiopia.

• The vaccine, given in a two-DOSE regimen, has been evaluated in a large number of human volunteers in India, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, where it has demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy
• OCV was found to be safe and elicited a robust immunological response against Vibrio cholerae O1, with 81% adults and 77% children demonstrating seroconversion 14 days after the second DOSE of vaccine

552. Antiviral activity of silymarin against chikungunya virus.

553. The Efficacy and Duration of Protection of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Against Nasopharyngeal Carriage: A Meta-regression Model.

• We used data from 22 carriage surveys (15 independent studies) from 5 to 64 months after the last PCV DOSE, including 14,298 children

554. Vaccines against human papillomavirus in low and middle income countries: a review of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy.

• The findings from the only study that investigated less than three DOSEs of the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine suggest that even with less than three DOSEs, antibody levels were still comparable with older women where efficacy has been proven
• Overall, the LMIC of Africa where immune compromising/modulating situations are prevalent, there is need for long term immunogenicity as well as surveillance studies for long term clinical effectiveness after two and three DOSE regimens.

555. Risk of febrile seizure after measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

• Thirty-one published or unpublished clinical trials involving about 40,000 subjects did not show significant differences in incidence of febrile seizure or vaccine related febrile seizure between MMRV and MMR with or without varicella vaccine after any DOSEs, in the risk windows of 0-28, 0-42 or 0-56 days and 7-10 days
• First MMRV vaccine DOSE in children aged 10-24 months was associated with an elevated risk of seizure or febrile seizure

556. Outbreak of varicella in a highly vaccinated preschool population.

• Varicella vaccine is available for private purchase in Beijing, with single DOSE recommended for children aged ≥12 months before 2013
• Among these children, 135(93.7%) had received single-DOSE varicella vaccine before the outbreak
• High single-DOSE varicella vaccination coverage is effective in reducing varicella incidence, but not sufficient to prevent outbreak
• To control varicella outbreak a second DOSE may deserve additional consideration.

557. Bridging non-human primate correlates of protection to reassess the Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed booster schedule in humans.

• A reduction in AVA booster frequency would lessen the burden of vaccination, reduce the cumulative frequency of vaccine associated adverse events and potentially expand vaccine coverage by requiring fewer DOSEs per schedule
• In the present analysis, cross-species logistic regression models of this COP were used to predict probability of survival during a 43 month study in humans receiving the current 3-DOSE priming and 4 boosters (12, 18, 30 and 42 months; 7-IM) and reduced schedules with boosters at months 18 and 42 only (5-IM), or at month 42 only (4-IM)

558. Efficacy of fewer than three doses of an HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: combined analysis of data from the Costa Rica Vaccine and PATRICIA Trials.

• There is some evidence to suggest that one or two DOSEs of the HPV vaccine provides similar protection to the three-DOSE regimen
• The main aim of the study was to ascertain HPV-16/18 vaccine efficacy in both full and naive cohorts and to explore protection conferred against non-vaccine HPV types, by number of DOSEs received
• Summary data from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (CVT; NCT00128661) and ~the PATRICIA trial (NCT001226810), two phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trials of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in young women, were combined in a post-hoc analysis (GlaxoSmithKline [GSK] e-track number 202142) to investigate the efficacy of fewer than three DOSEs of the HPV-16/18 vaccine after 4 years of follow-up
• Women were randomly assigned to receive three DOSEs of the HPV-16/18 vaccine or to a control vaccine; yet, some received fewer DOSEs
• After exclusion of women with less than 12 months of follow-up or those who were HPV-16/18 DNA-positive at enrolment (for the HPV-16/18 endpoint), we calculated vaccine efficacy against one-time detection of incident HPV infections after three, two, and one DOSE(s)
• We assessed vaccine efficacy against incident HPV-16/18 infection in the modified total vaccinated cohort (22 327 received three DOSEs, 1185 two DOSEs, 543 one DOSE)
• Vaccine efficacy against incident HPV-16/18 infections for three DOSEs was 77·0% (95% CI 74·7-79·1), two DOSEs was 76·0% (62·0-85·3), and one DOSE was 85·7% (70·7-93·7)
• Vaccine efficacy against incident HPV-31/33/45 infections for three DOSEs was 59·7% (56·0-63·0), two DOSEs was 37·7% (12·4-55·9), and one DOSE was 36·6% (-5·4 to 62·2)
• Vaccine efficacy against incident HPV-16/18 infection for two-DOSE women who received their second DOSE at 1 month was 75·3% (54·2-87·5) and 82·6% (42·3-96·1) for those who received the second DOSE at 6 months (CVT data only)
• Vaccine efficacy against HPV-31/33/45 for two-DOSE women who received their second DOSE at 6 months (68·1%, 27·0-87·0; CVT data only), but not those receiving it at one month (10·1%, -42·0 to 43·3), was similar to the three-DOSE group
• 4 years after vaccination of women aged 15-25 years, one and two DOSEs of the HPV-16/18 vaccine seem to protect against cervical HPV-16/18 infections, similar to the protection provided by the three-DOSE schedule
• Two DOSEs separated by 6 months additionally provided some cross-protection
• These data argue for a direct assessment of one-DOSE efficacy of the HPV-16/18 vaccine

559. Risk of Intussusception After Rotavirus Vaccination: Meta-analysis of Postlicensure Studies.

• Meta-analysis based on estimates of relative risk and corresponding 95% confidence intervals from 5 postlicensure studies providing an estimate of risk of intussusception during the 7-day period after administration of DOSE 1 and/or DOSE 2 of RV1 and/or RV5, based on active and/or passive surveillance, for confirmed intussusception cases (Brighton or other method of case confirmation)
• For each vaccine, the relative risk of intussusception was estimated postDOSE 1 and postDOSE 2
• The overall estimate of relative risk of intussusception during the 7 days postDOSE 1 was 5.4 (95% confidence interval: 3.9-7.4, 3 studies) for RV1 and 5.5 (3.3-9.3, 3 studies) for RV5
• The overall estimate of relative risk of intussusception during the 7 days postDOSE 2 was 1.8 (1.3-2.5, 4 studies) for RV1 and 1.7 (1.1-2.6, 3 studies) for RV5
• This meta-analysis showed a similar increased risk of intussusception, during the first 7 days after administration of DOSE 1 and, to a lesser extent, DOSE 2, for both currently available rotavirus vaccines

560. Immune response in domestic ducks following intradermal delivery of inactivated vaccine against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus adjuvanted with oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs.

• In addition, the use of a CpG-ODN adjuvant had a DOSE-sparing effect on antibody titer
• Furthermore, when a high DOSE of antigen was used, the CpG-ODN-adjuvanted vaccine maintained a high mean antibody titer

561. Use of Serogroup B Meningococcal Vaccines in Persons Aged ≥10 Years at Increased Risk for Serogroup B Meningococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015.

• In October 2014, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed the first serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccine (MenB-FHbp [Trumenba, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]) as a 3-DOSE series
• In January 2015, FDA licensed a second MenB vaccine (MenB-4C [Bexsero, Novartis Vaccines]) as a 2-DOSE series

562. A novel chimeric flagellum fused with the multi-epitope vaccine CTB-UE prevents Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer in a BALB/c mouse model.

• pylori colonization was performed using BALB/c mice by oral immunization with a triple DOSE of this vaccine strain

563. Spillover effect of HIV-specific foreign aid on immunization services in Nigeria.

• US$1 increase in HIV aid per capita was associated with a decrease in the probability of receipt of vaccines by 8-31%: polio first DOSE decreased by 8%; polio final DOSE by 9%; diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) first DOSE by 11%; DPT final DOSE by 19%; measles by 31%; final DOSEs of polio and DPT plus measles vaccine by 8%

564. Lipophilic Muramyl Dipeptide-Antigen Conjugates as Immunostimulating Agents.

565. The doses of 10 μg should replace the doses of 5 μg in newborn hepatitis B vaccination in China: A cost-effectiveness analysis.

• To identify whether Chinese current series of three 5 μg DOSEs for newborn hepatitis B vaccination should be replaced by the series of three 10 μg DOSEs
• The expected cost and effectiveness were compared between the 3-DOSE 5 μg series (the 5 μg strategy) and the 3-DOSE 10 μg series (the 10 μg strategy), and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER, additional cost per quality-adjusted life-years gained) was calculated
• Under keeping all the other parameters at the base-case values or further adjusting any one of them to the value most unfavorable to the 10 μg strategy, as long as the efficacy of 3-DOSE 10 μg series was slightly higher than that of 3-DOSE 5 μg series, the 10 μg strategy would be cost-effective, highly cost-effective, or even cost-saving
• The DOSEs of 10 μg should be considered to replace the DOSEs of 5 μg in newborn hepatitis B vaccination in China.

566. Sequential chemoimmunotherapy of experimental visceral leishmaniasis using a single low dose of liposomal amphotericin B and a novel DNA vaccine candidate.

• Here we show that the DNA vaccine candidate can boost the efficacy of a single suboptimal DOSE of liposomal amphotericin B in C57BL/6 mice.

567. Modelling the immunological response to a tetravalent dengue vaccine from multiple phase-2 trials in Latin America and South East Asia.

• We find that the CYD-TDV vaccine generates similar titres against all serotypes following the third DOSE, though DENV4 is immunodominant after the first DOSE

568. Risk of Herpes Zoster and Disseminated Varicella Zoster in Patients Taking Immunosuppressant Drugs at the Time of Zoster Vaccination.

• Most patients were taking low-DOSE corticosteroids

569. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in adults undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for inflammatory diseases--a longitudinal study.

• Of 201 included patients, 35 received high-DOSE corticosteroids and 181 were given immunosuppressive drugs
• Sustained high-DOSE corticosteroids were associated with poor vaccine response and more infections.

570. Prevalence and associated factors of seasonal influenza vaccination among 24- to 59-month-old children in Hong Kong.

• The prevalence of having taken up at least one DOSE and two DOSEs of IV among children aged 24-59 months was 58.9 and 42.4%, respectively

571. Cost-effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in Vietnam.

• From the societal perspective, incremental costs per discounted case, death and DALY averted were US$ 6252, US$ 26,476 and US$ 1231, respectively; the break-even vaccine price was US$ 0.69/DOSE
• From the governmental perspective, the results were US$ 6954, US$ 29,449, and US$ 1373, respectively; the break-even vaccine price was US$ 0.48/DOSE

572. Evaluation of the Efficacy, Potential for Vector Transmission, and Duration of Immunity of MP-12, an Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Virus Vaccine Candidate, in Sheep.

• This study demonstrates that the MP-12 vaccine given as a single DOSE in sheep generates protective immunity to a virulent challenge with antibody duration of at least 2 years, with no evidence of a risk for vector transmission.

573. Serological Correlates of Protection against a GII.4 Norovirus.

• The immunogenicity of two DOSEs of bivalent genogroup 1 genotype 1 (GI.1)/GII.4 (50 μg of virus-like particles [VLPs] of each strain adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide and 3-O-desacyl-4'monophosphoryl lipid A [MPL]) norovirus vaccine administered to healthy adults in a phase 1/2 double-blind placebo-controlled trial was determined using virus-specific serum total antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), IgG, IgA, and histoblood group antigen (HBGA)-blocking assays
• Serum antibody responses were observed in vaccine recipients by all antibody assays, with first-DOSE seroresponse frequencies ranging from 88 to 100% for the GI.1 antigen and from 69 to 84% for the GII.4 antigen
• There was little increase in antibody levels after the second vaccine DOSE

574. Rational Basis for Optimizing Short and Long-term Hepatitis B Virus Prophylaxis Post Liver Transplantation: Role of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin.

• After liver transplantation, the combination of long-term antiviral and low-DOSE hepatitis B Immune globulin (HBIG) can effectively prevent HBV recurrence in greater than 90% of transplant recipients

575. Optimization of Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategies Against Mouse-Adapted Ebolavirus in a Short-Term Protection Study.

• Each vaccine platform was titrated in mice to identify which DOSE (single immunization) induced approximately 20% protection after challenge with a mouse-adapted EBOV
• These DOSEs were then used to determine the protection efficacy of various prime-boost combinations, using the same mouse model

576. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an EV71 virus-like particle vaccine against lethal challenge in newborn mice.

• Our results showed that EV71 VLPs could elicit high titers of neutralizing antibodies (NTAbs) in a DOSE-dependent manner and NTAbs were sustained after the second injection with an average GMT (geometric mean titer) level from 19 to 2960 in immunized mice
• Survival rates were 100%, 100%, 85%, and 40% after challenge with 15 LD50 (median lethal DOSE) of EV71 in these newborn mice, respectively
• ED50 (50% effective DOSE) of VLPs was 0.20 μg/DOSE in newborn mice, while NTAb titer under this dosage was about 50

577. A retrospective pooled analysis assessing the effect of age on the immunogenicity of Havrix™ in healthy adults.

• This retrospective pooled analysis of 4 2-DOSE primary vaccination studies compared the immunogenicity and safety of the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in adults aged ≥ 40 years with subjects aged 20-30 years (control group; N = 80 in each group)
• Fifteen days after the first vaccine DOSE, 79.7% (95% CI: 68.8-88.2) and 92.3% (95% CI: 84.0-97.1) of subjects were seropositive in the ≥ 40 years and control groups, respectively; 97.5% (95% CI: 91.2-99.7) and 97.4% (95% CI: 91.0-99.7), respectively, were seropositive one month after the first DOSE
• All subjects in both groups (95% CIs: 95.4-100 and 95.3-100, respectively) were seropositive one month after the second DOSE
• In conclusion, the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine induced similar immune responses in adults aged ≥ 40 and 20-30 years one month after the first and second DOSE whereas younger subjects may demonstrate a higher seroconversion rate 15 days after the first DOSE.

578. Determinants of EV71 immunogenicity and protection against lethal challenge in a mouse model.

• Furthermore, these neutralizing antibodies could protect neonatal mice from lethal DOSE challenge with various circulating EV71 viruses

579. An Open Label Non-inferiority Trial Assessing Vibriocidal Response of a Killed Bivalent Oral Cholera Vaccine Regimen following a Five Year Interval in Kolkata, India.

• To assess whether an OCV regimen given after five years can elicit an antibody response equal to that of a primary series, we compared vibriocidal antibody titers in previously immunized participants receiving a two DOSE booster regimen to participants receiving a primary two DOSE immunization series
• Among participants receiving a two DOSE primary series of OCV (n = 186), 69% (95% CI 62%-76%) seroconverted
• In the intervention arm (n = 184), 66% (95% CI 59%-73%) seroconverted following a two DOSE boosting schedule given five years following the initial series
• Following a single boosting DOSE, 71% (95% CI 64%-77%) seroconverted
• Though a single boosting DOSE induces a strong immune response, further investigations are needed to measure if these findings translate to clinical protection.

580. Challenges in early clinical development of adjuvanted vaccines.

• A three-step approach to the early development of adjuvanted vaccine candidates is proposed, the goal of which is to allow ample space for exploratory and hypothesis-generating human experiments and to select DOSE(s) and dosing schedule(s) to bring into full development
• The immunogenicity end-points chosen for early development should be critically selected: an established immunological parameter with a well characterized assay should be selected as primary end-point for DOSE and schedule finding; exploratory information-rich end-points should be limited in number and based on pre-defined hypothesis generating plans, including system biology and pathway analyses
• In order to obtain the multiple formulations necessary for the DOSE and schedule finding, "bed-side mixing" of various components of the vaccine is often necessary: this is a complex and underestimated area that deserves serious research and logistical support.

581. New tools for NTD vaccines: A case study of quality control assays for product development of the human hookworm vaccine Na-APR-1M74.

• The mutated version, Na-APR-1(M74), was then expressed at the cGMP level using a Nicotiana benthamiana expression system (Fraunhofer, CMB, Delaware, MD), formulated with Alhydrogel®, and used to immunize mice in a DOSE-ranging study to explore the enzyme-neutralizing capacity of the resulting anti- Na-APR-1(M74) IgG

582. Post-marketing monitoring of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination in Japan.

• Expected numbers of IS cases were estimated using the number of vaccine DOSEs distributed and the Japanese incidence rate of IS stratified by month of age
• The observed versus expected analysis considered the IS cases for each risk period (7 and 30 days post-vaccination) and for each vaccine DOSE (two DOSEs)
• Before January 2013, approximately 601 000 Rotarix(TM) DOSEs were distributed in Japan
• For a risk period of 7 days post-DOSE 1 and post-DOSE 2, 10 and five IS cases were observed, whereas 3.4 and 7.6 were expected, providing an observed-to-expected ratio of 2.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42; 5.45) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.21; 1.53), respectively
• For a risk period of 30 days post-DOSE 1 and post-DOSE 2, 14 and eight cases were observed, whereas 14.5 and 32.7 were expected, providing an observed-to-expected ratio of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.53; 1.62) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.11; 0.48), respectively
• A statistically significant excess of IS cases was observed within 7 days post-DOSE 1, but not post-DOSE 2

583. Recent insights into cutaneous immunization: How to vaccinate via the skin.

• Today, there is evidence for increased efficacy of cutaneously delivered vaccines allowing for DOSE reduction and providing a minimally invasive alternative to traditional vaccination

584. Rapid assessment of antibody-induced ricin neutralization by employing a novel functional cell-based assay.

585. Preclinical refinements of a broadly protective VLP-based HPV vaccine targeting the minor capsid protein, L2.

• An ideal prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine would provide broadly protective and long-lasting immune responses against all high-risk HPV types, would be effective after a single DOSE, and would be formulated in such a manner to allow for long-term storage without the necessity for refrigeration
• First, we assessed the role of antigen DOSE and boosting on immunogenicity
• Mice immunized with 16L2-MS2 VLPs at DOSEs ranging from 2 to 25 μg with or without alum were highly immunogenic at all DOSEs; alum appeared to have an adjuvant effect at the lowest DOSE

586. Controlled delivery of a metabolic modulator promotes regulatory T cells and restrains autoimmunity.

• Treatment of mice with PHCCC NPs every three days delayed disease onset and decreased disease severity compared with mice treated with soluble drug at the same DOSE and frequency

587. Repeated Low-Dose Influenza Virus Infection Causes Severe Disease in Mice: a Model for Vaccine Evaluation.

• In traditional vaccine research and development, a single high-DOSE virus challenge of animals is used to evaluate vaccine efficacy
• In the present study, we developed a novel challenge model by infecting mice repeatedly in short intervals with low DOSEs of influenza A virus
• Our results show that compared to a single high-DOSE infection, mice that received repeated low-DOSE challenges showed earlier morbidity and mortality and more severe disease
• A commercial trivalent influenza vaccine protected mice against a single high and lethal DOSE of influenza A virus but was ineffective against repeated low-DOSE virus challenges
• Overall, our data show that the repeated low-DOSE influenza A virus infection mouse model is more stringent and may thus be more suitable to select for highly efficacious influenza vaccines
• Traditional models based on a single high-DOSE virus challenge may have limitations
• Here, we describe a new mouse model based on repeated low-DOSE influenza A virus challenges given within a short period
• Repeated low-DOSE challenges caused more severe disease in mice, associated with higher viral loads and increased lung inflammation and reduced influenza A virus-specific B and T cell responses
• A commercial influenza vaccine that was shown to protect mice from high-DOSE challenge was ineffective against repeated low-DOSE challenges
• Overall, our results show that the low-DOSE repeated-challenge model is more stringent and may therefore be better suited for preclinical vaccine efficacy studies.

588. Do parental education and income matter? A nationwide register-based study on HPV vaccine uptake in the school-based immunisation programme in Norway.

• In the study sample, 78.3% received at least one DOSE of HPV vaccine and 73.6% received all three DOSEs

589. [Immunogenicity of recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens].

• First, the immunized and control chickens were challenged by IBDV/DQ at lethal DOSE to determine the protective ratio

590. Association Between Cumulative Psychosocial Risk and Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Female Adolescents in a Free Vaccination Program.

• Multiple logistic regression analyses showed associations with unweighted and weighted number of psychosocial indicators for HPV any type (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.2), with the strongest associations between weighted drug/alcohol use, drug/alcohol dependency risk, and antisocial/delinquent behavior and detection of HPV vaccine types (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0) independent of number of recent sexual partners and vaccine DOSE (0-3)
• Increased HPV infections including HPV vaccine types were associated with greater number of psychosocial risk indicators even after controlling for demographics, sexual behavior, history of chlamydia, and vaccine DOSE.

591. Two or three primary dose regime for Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

• Before introducing the vaccine in routine immunization programs, it is important to know not only the cumulative efficacy but also the efficacy of each vaccine DOSE
• The primary objective of this review is to find whether two primary DOSE schedule of Hib vaccine is equally efficacious as the standard three primary DOSE schedule
• Pooled vaccine efficacy using a fixed effects model against confirmed invasive Hib disease following the 3, 2 and 1 primary DOSE schedule were 82% [95% confidence interval (CI) 73-87], 79% (95% CI 54-90) and 65% (95% CI 23-84), respectively, and the overall efficacy was 80% (95% CI 72-85)
• To conclude, we found that Hib conjugate vaccine is highly efficacious and that the two DOSE regime is as good as the three DOSE regime

592. Cost-effectiveness of norovirus vaccination in children in Peru.

• We used a Markov decision model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding a two-DOSE NV vaccine to Peru's routine childhood immunization schedule using two recent estimates of NV incidence, one for a peri-urban region and one for a jungle region of the country

593. Classical swine fever virus marker vaccine strain CP7_E2alf: Shedding and dissemination studies in boars.

• In detail, the shedding and dissemination pattern of Suvaxyn(®) CSF Marker ("CP7_E2alf") was assessed in 12 adult boars after single intramuscular vaccination with a tenfold vaccine DOSE

594. Chorioamnionitis following vaccination in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.

• In October 2012, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended a DOSE of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) during each pregnancy, irrespective of the woman's prior history of receiving Tdap

595. Combining Active Immunization with Monoclonal Antibody Therapy To Facilitate Early Initiation of a Long-Acting Anti-Methamphetamine Antibody Response.

• Indeed, even after 4 months the METH vaccine antibodies still had the capacity to significantly reduce METH brain concentrations resulting from a 0.56 mg/kg METH DOSE.

596. Persistent dilemmas in zoster eye disease.

• Although there is a consensus regarding use of acute high-DOSE oral antiviral treatment to reduce ocular complications, there is limited evidence for prolonged treatment

597. Efficacy of Artemisia annua polysaccharides as an adjuvant to hepatitis C vaccination.

• Ninety female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups: high-DOSE AAP (1 mg/mL) + HCV/NS3 plasmid; middle-DOSE AAP (0.5 mg/mL) + HCV/NS3 plasmid; low-DOSE AAP (0.1 mg/mL) + HCV/NS3 plasmid; HCV/NS3 plasmid; high-DOSE AAP (1 mg/mL); normal saline control (N = 15)
• Except the control group and the high-DOSE AAP group, other groups were inoculated with 50 μg pcDNA3.1-HCV/NS3 plasmid
• Compared with single inoculation with HCV/NS3 DNA vaccine, the specific antibody levels induced by middle-DOSE AAP plus HCV/NS3 DNA vaccine were significantly different in weeks 1, 3 and 5 (P < 0.05)
• However, there were no significant differences in the antibody levels induced by high-DOSE and low-DOSE AAP as adjuvant compared with those of single inoculation with DNA vaccine (P > 0.05)

598. Self-collected buccal swabs and rapid, real-time PCR during a large measles outbreak in Wales: Evidence for the protective effect of prior MMR immunisation.

• The outbreak data confirms the protective effect of the MMR vaccine with vaccine efficacy calculated at 96% for one DOSE and 99% for two DOSEs supporting the WHO recommendations for a two DOSE MMR immunisation schedule.

599. Vaccination and Risk for Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control and Cohort Studies.

• Childhood or adult immunizations with any vaccine type, at any DOSE, and with any vaccine schedule were used as inclusion criteria

600. Sunitinib depletes myeloid-derived suppressor cells and synergizes with a cancer vaccine to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and tumor eradication.

• We first demonstrated that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with sunitinib alone DOSE-dependently depleted myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor, spleen and in circulation
• The intrinsic immunosuppressive activity of residual MDSCs after sunitinib treatment was not changed in a DOSE-dependent fashion

601. Cost-effectiveness of live oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in Tanzania.

• The average unit cost per vaccine DOSE at 93% coverage is US$ 8.4, with marked difference between the urban facility US$ 5.2; and the rural facility US$ 9.8

602. Oral delivery of wafers made from HBsAg-expressing maize germ induces long-term immunological systemic and mucosal responses.

• Long-term immunological memory was assessed in mice injected with a primary DOSE of Recombivax and boosted with orally-delivered HBsAg wafers, control wafers, or parenterally-delivered commercial vaccine (Recombivax)

603. Primary endpoints for future prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccine trials: towards infection and immunobridging.

• The goals of these trials could include change of vaccine DOSE or route of administration (or both), development of second-generation vaccines, and the regional manufacture of biosimilar vaccines

604. Dendritic cell-derived interleukin-15 is crucial for therapeutic cancer vaccine potency.

• A single low-DOSE of DCIL-15 (not rIL-15)-based DC vaccines induced therapeutic antitumor immunity

605. Nanoparticulate STING agonists are potent lymph node-targeted vaccine adjuvants.

• Further, NP-cdGMP promoted durable antibody titers that were substantially higher than those promoted by the well-studied TLR agonist monophosphoryl lipid A and comparable to a much larger DOSE of unformulated cdGMP, without the systemic toxicity of the latter

606. Lessons learnt from the first controlled human malaria infection study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya.

• Detailed reasoning regarding the study design (for example, DOSE and route of administration of PfSPZ Challenge, criteria for grouping volunteers according to prior exposure to malaria and duration of follow-up post CHMI) are given and changes other centres may want to consider for future studies are suggested

607. Evaluation of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum Pathogenicity Island 2 Mutant as a Candidate Live Attenuated Oral Vaccine.

• S06004ΔSPI2 was severely less virulent than the parental wild-type strain S06004 as determined by the 50% lethal DOSE (LD50) for 3-day-old chickens when injected intramuscularly
• Two-day-old chickens immunized with a single oral DOSE of S06004ΔSPI2 showed no differences in body weight or clinical symptoms compared with those in the negative-control group

608. Examining the cost of delivering routine immunization in Honduras.

• At the facility level, the non-vaccine system costs per DOSE ranged widely, from US$ 25.55 in facilities delivering fewer than 500 DOSEs per year to US$ 2.84 in facilities with volume exceeding 10,000 DOSEs per year
• Cost per DOSE was higher in rural facilities despite somewhat lower wage rates for health workers in these settings; this appears to be driven by lower demand for services per health worker in sparsely populated areas, rather than increased cost of outreach

609. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) in the Egyptian national immunization program, 2013.

• Two alternatives were compared: (1) general vaccination of children younger than 5 years with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), using a three-DOSE schedule without booster, and (2) no vaccination

610. Cost-effectiveness analysis of rotavirus vaccination in Argentina.

• Two DOSEs of monovalent (RV1) rotavirus vaccine and three DOSEs of pentavalent (RV5) rotavirus vaccine were each compared to a scenario assuming no vaccination
• The price/DOSE was US$ 7.50 and US$ 5.15 for RV1 and RV5, respectively

611. Immunogenicity of poliovirus vaccines in chronically malnourished infants: a randomized controlled trial in Pakistan.

• We compared whether inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) can be used to rapidly close the immunity gap among chronically malnourished (stunted) infants in Pakistan who will not be eligible for the 14 week IPV DOSE in routine EPI schedule
• Infants were randomized to receive one DOSE of either bivalent OPV (bOPV) alone or bOPV+IPV
• Baseline seroprevalence of PV antibodies and serum immune response to study vaccine DOSE were assessed by neutralization assay
• Vaccine PV shedding in stool was evaluated 7 days after a bOPV challenge DOSE
• Children had previously received 9-10 DOSEs of bOPV (80%) or tOPV (20%)
• One DOSE of IPV+bOPV given to malnourished children increased their serological protection (PV1, n=201, 97.6%; PV2, n=198, 96.1% and PV3, n=189, 91.7%) to parity with normally nourished children who had not received IPV (p=<0.001)

612. Recent Developments and Future Directions of Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations.

• Recent randomized clinical trials and disease trends have prompted the ACIP to recommend that all adults aged ≥65 years receive a single DOSE of PCV13
• This is in addition to the previous recommended single DOSE of PPSV23 in the same population

613. Efficacy and safety of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine with or without a booster dose in infants and children in Africa: final results of a phase 3, individually randomised, controlled trial.

• Herein, we report the final results from the same trial, including the efficacy of a booster DOSE
• Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) at first vaccination by block randomisation with minimisation by centre to receive three DOSEs of RTS,S/AS01 at months 0, 1, and 2 and a booster DOSE at month 20 (R3R group); three DOSEs of RTS,S/AS01 and a DOSE of comparator vaccine at month 20 (R3C group); or a comparator vaccine at months 0, 1, 2, and 20 (C3C [control group])
• The coprimary endpoints were the occurrence of malaria over 12 months after DOSE 3 in each age category
• Children were followed up for a median of 48 months (IQR 39-50) and young infants for 38 months (34-41) after DOSE 1
• The incidence of generalised convulsive seizures within 7 days of RTS,S/AS01 booster was 2·2 per 1000 DOSEs in young infants and 2·5 per 1000 DOSEs in children
• RTS,S/AS01 prevented a substantial number of cases of clinical malaria over a 3-4 year period in young infants and children when administered with or without a booster DOSE
• Efficacy was enhanced by the administration of a booster DOSE in both age categories

614. Antitumor activity of mHSP65-TTL enhanced by administration of low dose cyclophosphamide in pancreatic cancer-bearing mice.

• The mHSP65-TTL were used to immune the C57BL/6 mice implanted with the Panc02 cancer cells, in combination with or without low DOSE cyclophosphamide (CY)
• The results showed that mHSP65-TTL significantly prolonged the survival of the pancreatic cancer bearing mice and low DOSE CY enhanced the efficacy of the mHSP65-TTL

615. Particle-to-PFU ratio of Ebola virus influences disease course and survival in cynomolgus macaques.

• For EBOV, an obstacle in performing accurate disease modeling is a poor understanding of what constitutes an infectious DOSE in animal models
• Notably, this correlated with decreased potency in a lethal cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) model of infection; animals were infected with the same viral DOSE as determined by plaque assay, but animals that received more virus particles exhibited increased disease
• We asked if these particles cause disease in nonhuman primates by infecting monkeys with equal infectious DOSEs of genetically identical stocks possessing either high or low specific infectivities

616. A Single Dose of an Avian H3N8 Influenza Virus Vaccine Is Highly Immunogenic and Efficacious against a Recently Emerged Seal Influenza Virus in Mice and Ferrets.

• One DOSE of the tl/TX/079/07 ca vaccine induced a robust neutralizing antibody response against the homologous (tl/TX/079/07) and two heterologous influenza viruses, including the recently emerged A/harbor seal/New Hampshire/179629/2011 (H3N8) and A/northern pintail/Alaska/44228-129/2006 (H3N8) viruses, and conferred robust protection against the homologous and heterologous influenza viruses
• The human and ferret serology data suggest that a single DOSE of the vaccine may be sufficient in older subjects
• Therefore, we generated a live attenuated avian H3N8 vaccine candidate and demonstrated that a single DOSE of the vaccine was highly immunogenic and protected mice and ferrets against homologous and heterologous H3N8 avian viruses.

617. One-year extended, monthly vaccination prophylaxis combined with hepatitis B immune globulin for hepatitis B after liver transplantation.

• A fixed DOSE of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) was administrated during the study based on the monoprophylaxis approach, and the increase in the hepatitis B surface antibody titer was measured to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccination

618. The efficacy of inactivated West Nile vaccine (WN-VAX) in mice and monkeys.

• Furthermore, monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) immunized three times with 2.5 μg, 5 μg or 10 μg/DOSE of WN-VAX exhibited neutralizing antibodies in their sera with titers of more than 2log10 after the second immunization

619. Induction of tumor inhibitory anti-angiogenic response through immunization with interferon Gamma primed placental endothelial cells: ValloVax™.

• Furthermore, a safety analysis in non-tumor bearing mice bracketing the proposed clinical DOSE was conducted

620. Ubiquitinated proteins enriched from tumor cells by a ubiquitin binding protein Vx3(A7) as a potent cancer vaccine.

• C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with different DOSEs of Ub-enriched proteins via inguinal lymph nodes or subcutaneous injection and with DRibbles, Ub-depleted proteins and whole cell lysate as comparison groups, respectively
• We found that after stimulation with inactivated tumor cells, the lymphocytes from the Ub-enriched proteins-vaccinated mice secreted high level of IFN-γ in DOSE dependent manner, in which the priming vaccination via inguinal lymph nodes injection induced higher IFN-γ level than that via subcutaneous injection

621. The effect of immunization schedule with the malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S/AS01E on protective efficacy and anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody avidity in African infants.

• After the third DOSE, quantity and avidity were similar between the two vaccination schedules
• Change in IgG response between vaccine DOSEs merits further evaluation as a surrogate marker for RTS,S efficacy

622. The long-term immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine: contribution of universal HBV vaccination in Italy.

• Students with a low anti-HBs titer should be considered for a booster DOSE because most will be exposed to the risk of acquiring HBV for decades.

623. Intussusception and Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccination in Singapore: Self-Controlled Case Series and Risk-Benefit Study.

• There were 86 infants hospitalized with intussusception; 20 cases had received at least 1 DOSE of RV1
• Nearly all (19) had received their first DOSE at age >12 weeks old
• The age-adjusted relative incidence of intussusception in the 1- to 7-day period post DOSE one was 8.36 (95% CI 2.42-28.96)
• Risk of intussusception increases about 8-fold during 1-7 days after receipt of first DOSE RV1 in infants of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicity in Singapore, Asia

624. An inactivated vaccine made from a U.S. field isolate of porcine epidemic disease virus is immunogenic in pigs as demonstrated by a dose-titration.

• Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response to the selected inactivated PEDV vaccine candidate in a DOSE-titration manner
• Inactivated adjuvanted monovalent vaccines were administered intramuscularly to five week old pigs in a DOSE titration experimental design, ranging from 6.0-8.0 log10 tissue culture infective DOSE (TCID50/mL), to evaluate immunogenicity using a fluorescent foci neutralization assay (FFN), fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on sera
• strain via DOSE-titration

625. Anti-Gastrins Antiserum Combined with Lowered Dosage Cytotoxic Drugs to Inhibit the Growth of Human Gastric Cancer SGC7901 Cells in Nude Mice.

• The tumor was implanted subcutaneously into the backside of BALB/c nude mice, and the combination antibody-drug treatment using low DOSE combination chemotherapy had significantly reduced median tumor volumes (62% reduction; p =0.0018) and tumor weights (53% reduction; p =0.0062) when compared to the conventional high DOSE chemotherapy treated control mice that had a corresponding similar reductive effect, using just the two standard cytotoxic drugs alone; namely by reducing the tumor volumes (65%; p =0.0016) and tumor weights (59% reduction; p=0.0033)
• Importantly, the immunological treatment had little of the toxicities and side-effects of the full chemotherapy DOSEs alone, which was effected by using a significant decrease in the dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs, while maintaining the same level of efficacy at reduction of tumor growth.

626. Effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, licensed but not funded, against rotavirus hospitalizations in the Valencia Region, Spain.

• We compared two cohorts of vaccinated children: the first included children who received at least one DOSE of a rotavirus vaccine, and the second included children who were not vaccinated with rotavirus vaccines but received at least one DOSE of a pneumococcal vaccine, another licensed but non-funded vaccine

627. Preclinical safety and tolerability of a repeatedly administered human leishmaniasis DNA vaccine.

• Evaluation of single-DOSE and repeated-DOSE toxicity of the vaccine candidate after i.d

628. Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant aged ≥2 years: an open-label study.

• In an open-label study, patients (n = 251) 3-6 months after allogeneic HSCT received 3 DOSEs of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) at 1-month intervals, a fourth DOSE 6 months later, and 1 DOSE of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) 1 month later
• In the evaluable immunogenicity population (N = 216; mean age, 37.8 years), geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) of immunoglobulin G geometric mean concentrations from baseline to postDOSE 3 showed significant increases in antibody levels across all PCV13 serotypes (GMFR range, 2.99-23.85; 95% confidence interval lower limit, >1); there were significant declines over the next 6 months, significant increases from preDOSE 4 to postDOSE 4 (GMFR range, 3.00-6.97), and little change after PPSV23 (GMFR range, 0.86-1.12)
• Local and systemic reactions were more frequent after DOSE 4
• Six patients experienced serious adverse events possibly related to PCV13 (facial diplegia, injection-site erythema and pyrexia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and suspected lack of vaccine efficacy after DOSE 3 leading to pneumococcal infection), PCV13 and PPSV23 (Guillain-Barré syndrome), or PPSV23 (cellulitis)
• A 3-DOSE PCV13 regimen followed by a booster DOSE may be required to protect against pneumococcal disease in HSCT recipients
• DOSE 4 was associated with increased local and systemic reactions, but the overall safety profile of a 4-DOSE regimen was considered acceptable

629. Long term effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in children.

• Sixty-nine percent of children 6 months-18 years of age in Stockholm County received at least one DOSE of Pandemrix during the 2009 pandemic

630. First clinical results of a personalized immunotherapeutic vaccine against recurrent, incompletely resected, treatment-resistant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors, based on combined allo- and auto-immune tumor reactivity.

• Gliovac was given intradermally, together with human GM-CSF (Leukine(®)), and preceded by a regimen of regulatory T cell-depleting, low-DOSE cyclophosphamide

631. An inactivated yellow fever 17DD vaccine cultivated in Vero cell cultures.

• The results showed that animals receiving 3 DOSEs of the inactivated vaccine (2 μg/DOSE) with alum adjuvant had neutralizing antibody titers above the cut-off of PRNT50 (Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test)

632. Prospective study of the safety and efficacy of a pancreatic cancer stem cell vaccine.

• In this trial, we isolated and cultured pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) to produce a vaccine and prospectively evaluated its safety and efficacy in low-, medium-, and high-DOSE groups
• When the pre- and post-vaccination immunity was compared, we found that both CSC-nonspecific and CSC-specific responses were significantly increased in the high-DOSE group

633. European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases consensus recommendations for rotavirus vaccination in Europe: update 2014.

• The prelicensure safety trials of Rotarix and RotaTeq, each in populations of more than 60,000 infants, did not reveal risk of intussusception (IS), but postvaccination surveillance in several countries, particularly Australia and Mexico, has established that the risk of IS for both vaccines after the first DOSE might be between 1:50,000 and 1:80,000
• Considerable evidence, including postvaccination surveillance data from Germany, suggests that the risk of IS can be reduced by early administration of the first DOSE of oral RV vaccine
• The previous European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases/European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommendations held that the first DOSE of oral RV vaccine should be given between 6 and 12 weeks of age; this recommendation is sustained but with an emphasis toward the lower range of the recommended age, that is, preferably between 6 and 8 weeks of age

634. Broadly neutralizing antibodies against the rapidly evolving porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

• Neutralizing activity was DOSE-dependent and was maintained in the immunoglobulin fraction

635. The long-term efficacy, 13-23 years, of a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in highly endemic areas in China.

• The birth DOSE group included 5052 children
• It seems that a booster DOSE is not necessary
• Enhancing the rate of the birth DOSE within 24h is one of the most important measures to prevent and control HBV infection.

636. Protective Efficacy of the Conserved NP, PB1, and M1 Proteins as Immunogens in DNA- and Vaccinia Virus-Based Universal Influenza A Virus Vaccines in Mice.

• BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with a single vaccine based on NP, PB1, or M1 alone or a combination vaccine based on all three antigens and were then challenged with lethal DOSEs of the heterologous influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)
• Vaccines based on NP, PB1, and M1 provided complete or partial protection against challenge with 1.7 50% lethal DOSE (LD50) of PR8 in mice

637. Synergy of Radiotherapy and a Cancer Vaccine for the Treatment of HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer.

• A DOSE threshold of 7.5 Gy was required to elicit the dramatic antitumor response

638. Immunogenicity and safety of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) co-administered with DTPa vaccine in Japanese children: A randomized, controlled study.

• Infants (N=360 ) were randomized (2:1) to receive either PHiD-CV and DTPa (PHiD-CV group) or DTPa alone (control group) as 3-DOSE primary vaccination (3-4-5 months of age) and booster vaccination (17-19 months of age)
• In conclusion, PHiD-CV induced robust immune responses and was well tolerated when co-administered with DTPa in a 3-DOSE priming plus booster regimen to Japanese children.

639. Phase 1 Trials of rVSV Ebola Vaccine in Africa and Europe.

• We performed three open-label, DOSE-escalation phase 1 trials and one randomized, double-blind, controlled phase 1 trial to assess the safety, side-effect profile, and immunogenicity of rVSV-ZEBOV at various DOSEs in 158 healthy adults in Europe and Africa
• All participants were injected with DOSEs of vaccine ranging from 300,000 to 50 million plaque-forming units (PFU) or placebo
• ZEBOV-glycoprotein-specific antibody responses were detected in all the participants, with similar glycoprotein-binding antibody titers but significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers at higher DOSEs
• In these studies, rVSV-ZEBOV was reactogenic but immunogenic after a single DOSE and warrants further evaluation for safety and efficacy

640. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination in community-dwelling veterans.

• High-DOSE (HD) trivalent inactivated vaccine has increased immunogenicity in older adults compared with standard-DOSE (SD) vaccine

641. Oral administration of the Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine strain Nal2/Rif9/Rtt to laying hens at day of hatch reduces shedding and caecal colonization of Salmonella 4,12:i:-, the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium.

• In all trials, laying type chicks were orally vaccinated with the Salmonella Typhimurium strain Nal2/Rif9/Rtt at d hatch, while the birds were challenged the next d with a different infection DOSE in each trial (low, high, and intermediate)
• For the intermediate-DOSE study, a seeder bird model was used in which one out of 3 animals were infected while all individual birds were infected in the other trials

642. Three-year duration of immunity for feline herpesvirus and calicivirus evaluated in a controlled vaccination-challenge laboratory trial.

• After primary vaccination followed by revaccination one year later with a vaccine formulated at minimum DOSE, the cats were kept in a confined environment and challenged 3 years later with a virulent heterologous strain of feline calicivirus (FCV) and subsequently a virulent strain of feline herpesvirus (FHV)

643. [Fertility-sparing treatment for gynecologic cancer].

• The efficacy of fertility-sparing treatment with a high-DOSE of medroxyprogesterone acetate for grade 1 endometrial cancer was proven in a Japan clinical oncology group (JCOG) phase II study

644. Four new vaccines for routine immunization in India: what about hemophilus influenza B and pneumococcal vaccine?

• India's indigenous developed rota viral vaccine's (Rotavac) efficacy is 56% in 1(st) year compared to H influenza B (Hib) efficacy 95% and PCV13 vaccine "3 + 1" DOSE efficacy 100% (South Africa)

645. Robust and Balanced Immune Responses to All 4 Dengue Virus Serotypes Following Administration of a Single Dose of a Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine to Healthy, Flavivirus-Naive Adults.

• The ideal dengue vaccine would provide protection against all serotypes after a single DOSE
• Two randomized, placebo-controlled trials were performed with 168 flavivirus-naive adults to demonstrate the safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (TV003), compared with those of a second tetravalent vaccine with an enhanced DENV-2 component (TV005), and to evaluate the benefit of a booster DOSE at 6 months
• A single DOSE of TV005 elicited a tetravalent response in 90% of vaccinees by 3 months after vaccination and a trivalent response in 98%
• Compared with TV003, the higher-DOSE DENV-2 component increased the observed frequency of immunogenicity to DENV-2 in the TV005 trial
• Both the first and second DOSEs were well tolerated
• Neither vaccine viremia, rash, nor a significant antibody boost were observed following a second DOSE
• A single subcutaneous DOSE of TV005 dengue vaccine is safe and induces a tetravalent antibody response at an unprecedented frequency among vaccinees
• A second DOSE has limited benefit and appears to be unnecessary

646. Safety and efficacy study of nasopharyngeal cancer stem cell vaccine.

• In this trial, nasopharyngeal cancer stem cells (CSCs) were separated and cultured to produce a vaccine; its safety and efficacy were prospectively evaluated in low-, medium-, and high-DOSE groups
• When the immune responses pre- and post-vaccination were compared, we found that the CSC-specific and -nonspecific response in the medium- and high-DOSE groups were both significantly enhanced

647. Homologous and heterologous protection of nonhuman primates by Ebola and Sudan virus-like particles.

• Previous studies have shown protection of cynomolgus macaques against homologous infection for Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) following a three-DOSE vaccine regimen of EBOV or MARV VLPs, as well as heterologous protection against Ravn Virus (RAVV) following vaccination with MARV VLPs
• The objectives of the current studies were to determine the minimum number of vaccine DOSEs required for protection (using EBOV as the test system) and then demonstrate protection against Sudan virus (SUDV) and Taï Forest virus (TAFV)
• Using the EBOV nonhuman primate model, we show that one or two DOSEs of VLP vaccine can confer protection from lethal infection

648. Comparison of three commercial one-dose porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines in a herd with concurrent circulation of PCV2b and mutant PCV2b.

• The objective of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of 3 one-DOSE PCV2a vaccines of varying antigen type and DOSE in the same pig farm with concurrent PCV2b and mPCV2b infection based on clinical (average daily weight gain; ADWG), virological (evidence of viremia), immunological (presence of PCV2-specific neutralizing antibody; NA and interferon-γ secreting cells; IFN-γ-SC), and pathological (lymphoid lesion and PCV2 antigen score within lesion) evaluation

649. Consideration of the efficacy of non-ionic vesicles in the targeted delivery of oral vaccines.

• Delivery to both the Peyer's patches and mesentery lymphatics was shown to be DOSE dependent at lower concentrations, with saturation kinetics applying at higher concentrations
• This demonstrates that in the formulation of vaccine delivery systems, the lipid/antigen DOSE ratio is not only a key factor in production cost, but is equally a key factor in the kinetics of delivery and targeting of a vaccine system.

650. Simple mathematical models do not accurately predict early SIV dynamics.

• We evaluated the effects of several poorly known parameters on infection outcomes in this model and compared model predictions to experimental data on infection of non-human primates with variable DOSEs of simian immunodifficiency virus (SIV)
• Second, this mathematical model was not able to accurately describe the change in experimentally determined probability of host infection with increasing viral DOSEs
• Third and finally, the model was also unable to accurately explain the decline in the time to virus detection with increasing viral DOSE

651. Shigella IpaB and IpaD displayed on L. lactis bacterium-like particles induce protective immunity in adult and infant mice.

• Immunization of adult mice with BLP-IpaB and BLP-IpaD (BLP-IpaB/D) induced high levels of Ipa-specific serum IgG and stool IgA in a DOSE-dependent manner

652. A single chimpanzee-human neutralizing monoclonal antibody provides post-exposure protection against type 1 and type 2 polioviruses.

• We show that monoclonal antibody A12 effectively neutralizes in vitro a broad range of type 1 and type 2 wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses, provides effective pre- and post-exposure protection of TgPVR21 mice from challenge with a lethal DOSE of poliovirus

653. Structure-guided design and optimization of dipeptidyl inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease. Structure-activity relationships and biochemical, X-ray crystallographic, cell-based, and in vivo studies.

654. Immunogenicity and efficacy of flagellin-envelope fusion dengue vaccines in mice and monkeys.

• In an immunogenicity study, rhesus macaques (n = 2) immunized subcutaneously with 10 μg or 90 μg of TDV three or four times, at 4- to 6-week intervals, developed neutralizing antibodies to four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (mean post-DOSE 3 FRNT50 titers of 102 to 601)
• The animals that received 48-μg DOSEs of TDV developed neutralizing antibodies against the four serotypes (geometric mean titers of 49 to 258) and exhibited reduced viremia after DENV-2 challenge, with a group mean viremia duration of 1.25 days and 2 of 4 animals being completely protected, compared to the placebo-treated animals, which all developed viremia, with a mean duration of 4 days

655. Antigen design enhances the immunogenicity of Semliki Forest virus-based therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccines.

• Even at an immunization DOSE of as low as 10(5) replicon particles, this novel vaccine achieved tumor regression and protection

656. Population-level impact and herd effects following human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

• We assessed heterogeneity across studies using I(2) and χ(2) statistics and we did trends analysis to examine the DOSE-response association between HPV vaccination coverage and each study effect measure

657. Antibody responses among adolescent females receiving the quadrivalent HPV vaccine series corresponding to standard or non-standard dosing intervals.

• Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4) is recommended as a 3-DOSE series administered at 0, 1-2, and 6 months
• We conducted a prospective study to assess antibody titers to HPV4 when DOSE 2 and/or DOSE 3 were administered on schedule or delayed
• Healthy females (N=331) aged 9-18 years were enrolled at the time of receipt of HPV4 DOSE 2 or 3
• Participants were classified as belonging to one of four groups depending upon timing of receipt of HPV4: both DOSEs on time; only DOSE 2 delayed later than 90 days; only DOSE 3 delayed later than 180 days; or both DOSEs 2 and 3 delayed
• Pre- and post-DOSE 3 blood samples were assayed for HPV antibody titers (types 6, 11, 16, and 18)
• Post-DOSE 3 geometric mean titers (GMTs) for all HPV types were not significantly lower for any of the delayed dosing groups when compared to the on time group
• When compared to the on time group, the post DOSE 3 GMTs in the delayed DOSE 3 group were significantly higher (p<0.05) for HPV types 6, 11, and 16
• Our findings suggest that delays of DOSE 2 or 3 do not interfere with immune responses after completion of the 3-DOSE series
• These results support current recommendations to not administer additional DOSEs of HPV4 vaccine if DOSE 2, DOSE 3, or both DOSEs have been administered late.

658. Safety and efficacy study of lung cancer stem cell vaccine.

• In this trial, lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) were separated and cultured to produce a vaccine; its safety and efficacy were prospectively evaluated in low-, medium-, and high-DOSE groups
• When the immune responses pre- and post-vaccination were compared, we found that the CSC-nonspecific and CSC-specific responses were both significantly enhanced in the medium- and high-DOSE groups

659. Impact of squalene-based adjuvanted influenza vaccination on graft outcome in kidney transplant recipients.

• We retrospectively analyzed 65 kidney transplant (KT) recipients who received ≥1 DOSE of influenza vaccine (pandemic or seasonal) during the 2009-2010 campaign

660. Pertussis in infants under one year old: risk markers and vaccination status--a case-control study.

• Data sources included epidemiological investigations, health records and vaccination records (number and dates of DTP\DTaP DOSEs scheduled at 2, 4, 6 months)
• Vaccine effectiveness was calculated by number of vaccine DOSEs stratified by age group
• Timeliness of vaccine DOSEs was also evaluated
• The distribution of the number of pertussis vaccine DOSEs 0, 1, 2 and 3 differed considerably being 42.2%, 32.7%, 15.6%, 9.5% vs
• The overall vaccine effectiveness found was 72.9%, 76.1% and 84.4%, for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd DOSEs of a pertussis vaccine
• The infant's age at the first DOSE of pertussis vaccine was recorded with follow-up until age 18 months
• The vaccine effectiveness increased with the number of vaccine DOSEs.

661. Five year follow-up after primary vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis in children.

• A first tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine booster in children is currently suggested 3 years after completing either a conventional (DOSEs on Days 0, 28 and 300) or accelerated conventional (DOSEs on Days 0, 14 and 300) TBE immunization schedule
• To provide robust data to better inform such recommendations, TBE antibody persistence was evaluated after 3-5 years in four groups of children (aged 5-15 years): two groups previously primed with three DOSEs of Encepur(®) Children (conventional/accelerated conventional schedule); and two groups previously primed with two DOSEs of FSME-IMMUN(®) followed by a third DOSE of Encepur(®) Children (conventional/accelerated conventional schedule)
• The study thus provides support for extending the time interval for a first booster DOSE after primary vaccination (conventional/accelerated conventional schedule) with Encepur(®) Children from 3 to 5 years.

662. The impact of 2-dose routine measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccination in France on the epidemiology of varicella and zoster using a dynamic model with an empirical contact matrix.

• The vaccination strategy of replacing both DOSEs of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) with a combined MMR and varicella (MMRV) vaccine is a means of reaching high vaccination coverage for varicella immunization

663. [The 2-dose schedule of HPV vaccines in young adolescents].

• To summarize new knowledge about the 2-DOSE HPV vaccine schedule in young adolescents
• Higher immunogenicity of both HPV vaccines in young adolescents, as well as potential cost savings, have prompted discussions about the efficacy of the 2-DOSE HPV vaccine schedule
• Results of the immunobridging studies showed that two DOSEs of the bivalent and the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in young girls induced geometric mean antibody titers that were non-inferior to geometric mean antibody titers elicited in older girls and women with three DOSEs of the same vaccine
• Non-inferiority for HPV-16, -18, -31 and -45 was obtained for the 2-DOSE of the bivalent HPV vaccine in girls 9-14 years old in the period of 48 months and for HPV-6, -11, -16 and -18 for the 2-DOSE of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in girls 9-13 years old in the period of 36 months
• These results indicate that the bivalent and the quadrivalent vaccine HPV vaccine applied in 2 DOSEs has sufficient immunogenity in young girls.

664. Intralesional immunotherapy for difficult to treat warts with Mycobacterium w vaccine.

• Thirty patients with at least one wart present on either the plantar surface of their feet, palms, volar aspect of their fingers, or periungual or subungual region, were treated with 0.1 ml of killed Mycobacterium w vaccine given intralesionally in a single wart, without any prior sensitisation DOSE
• The mean (SD) time for complete clearance of warts was 43.71(32.82) days and the mean (SD) DOSE of vaccine that was required for complete clearance of warts was 0.186 ml (0.101)
• In comparison to the earlier studies using Mycobacterium w vaccine for the treatment of warts, our study was different in the following aspects: No sensitisation DOSE was given, only a single wart was injected at a time and the duration between the period of injections was increased to four weeks
• With all these changes we eliminated the complications due to the sensitisation DOSE and achieved good results
• This study provides new insight into the DOSE and schedule of treatment of this evolving therapeutic modality.

665. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a Vero cell culture-derived whole-virus H7N9 vaccine in mice and guinea pigs.

• The whole-virus H7N9 vaccine induced DOSE-dependent H7N9-specific HI, MN and NAi antibodies in mice and guinea pigs
• Immunized mice were protected against lethal H7N9 challenge in a DOSE-dependent manner

666. Protective efficacy and pharmacokinetics of human/mouse chimeric anti-Stx1 and anti-Stx2 antibodies in mice.

• Mice given an otherwise lethal DOSE of Stx1 were protected from death when injected with cαStx1 either 1 h before or 1 h after toxin injection
• Additionally, streptomycin-treated mice fed the mouse-lethal STEC strain B2F1 that produces the Stx2 variant Stx2d were protected when given a DOSE of 0.1 mg of cαStx2/kg of body weight administered up to 72 h post-oral bacterial challenge

667. Blood-stage immunity to Plasmodium chabaudi malaria following chemoprophylaxis and sporozoite immunization.

• Immunization with Plasmodium chabaudi by mosquito bite under chloroquine cover does not generate pre-erythrocytic immunity, which is acquired only after immunization with high sporozoite DOSEs
• We therefore show that CPS immunization can induce robust, long-lived heterologous blood-stage immunity, in addition to protection against pre-erythrocytic parasites following high DOSE sporozoite immunization

668. Intranasal vaccination with a plant-derived H5 HA vaccine protects mice and ferrets against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge.

• The plant-derived vaccine, in combination with the mucosal adjuvant (3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanylic acid (c-di-GMP) was used for intranasal immunization of mice and ferrets, before challenge with a lethal DOSE of the A/Indonesia/05/05 (H5N1) virus

669. Comparison of the selective targeting efficacy of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R and VNP20009 on the Lewis lung carcinoma in nude mice.

• typhimurium A1-R to at a least 2-fold higher DOSE than VNP20009 when the bacteria were administered iv

670. Impact of Adjuvants on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Split-Virion H7N9 Vaccine in Ferrets.

• Ferrets were vaccinated with 2 DOSEs of unadjuvanted, MF59 or AS03-adjuvanted A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) vaccine, and the induction of antibodies to hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase proteins was evaluated
• Although there was a difference in adjuvanticity between AS03 and MF59 at a lower DOSE (3.75 µg of HA), both adjuvants induced comparable antibody responses after 2 DOSEs of 15 µg

671. The "Performance of Rotavirus and Oral Polio Vaccines in Developing Countries" (PROVIDE) study: description of methods of an interventional study designed to explore complex biologic problems.

• A randomized clinical trial platform evaluated the efficacy of delayed-DOSE oral rotavirus vaccine as well as the benefit of an injectable polio vaccine replacing one DOSE of oral polio vaccine

672. Infection-mimicking poly(γ-glutamic acid) as adjuvant material for effective anti-tumor immune response.

• These DC-mediated functions were found to be facilitated by γ-PGA in a DOSE-dependent manner, with stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) being one of the underlying mechanisms

673. Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B transmission in Haimen City, China: Results of a community public health initiative.

• An additional 34 HBsAg-negative babies also tested negative for antibodies to HBsAg or had indeterminate test results, were considered to have had inadequate immune responses to the vaccine, and were given a booster DOSE

674. Validation of cross-genotype neutralization by hepatitis B virus-specific monoclonal antibodies by in vitro and in vivo infection.

• Finally, in vitro analysis of DOSE dependency revealed that the amounts of HB0478 required for complete protection against genotype C and genotype A infection were 5.5 mIU and 55 mIU, respectively

675. ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant reduces mucosal tolerance for effective pulmonary vaccination against influenza.

• Previously we demonstrated in sheep the potency of pulmonary-delivered influenza ISCOMATRIX™ vaccine, which induces both mucosal and systemic immunity, even with low antigen DOSEs
• A single DOSE of influenza antigen, delivered to the lung without exogenous adjuvant, upregulated IL-10 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and FOXP3 expression in lung tissue, suggestive of induction of a regulatory T cell (Treg) response

676. Projected impact of vaccination timing and dose availability on the course of the 2014 west african ebola epidemic.

• As removal of population-level susceptibility through vaccination could be a highly impactful control measure for this epidemic, we sought to estimate the number of vaccine DOSEs and timing of vaccine administration required to reduce the epidemic size
• Using effective reproductive (Re) number estimates derived from this model, we estimate that 3-4 million DOSEs of vaccine, if available and administered, could reduce Re to 0.9 in the interval from January-March 2015

677. Live Attenuated Influenza H7N3 Vaccine is Safe, Immunogenic and Confers Protection in Animal Models.

• One DOSE of a H7N3 LAIV elicited measurable antibody response and it was further boosted with a second vaccine DOSE

678. A first-generation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of alpha-tocopherol in human influenza vaccine adjuvant.

• Model evaluation and uncertainty analyses indicated acceptable fit, with the fraction of DOSE taken up into the lymphatics as most influential on plasma concentration

679. The immunogenicity and safety of zoster vaccine in Taiwanese adults.

• We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of ZOSTAVAX in a total of 150 Taiwanese subjects ≥50 years of age, who received a single DOSE of ZOSTAVAX

680. Balance of cellular and humoral immunity determines the level of protection by HIV vaccines in rhesus macaque models of HIV infection.

• Here, we show that a gp120-CD4 chimeric subunit protein vaccine (full-length single chain) elicits heterologous protection against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) acquisition in three independent rhesus macaque repeated low-DOSE rectal challenge studies with SHIV162P3 or SIVmac251

681. The Belgian policy of funding antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals and trends of selected quality indicators for antimicrobial use, 1999-2010: a longitudinal study.

• The surgery QI was defined as: cefazolin, DOSE in the expected range, and no use of other AM
• For pneumonia, QIs were: ratio of oral/parenteral defined daily DOSEs (DDD, O/P QI), and mean number of DDD minus penicillin, per 100 days of hospitalisation (DDD QI)

682. [Is it necessary to vaccinate against varicella?].

• For many years, various industrialized countries have adopted an universal mass vaccination against varicella, using a one-DOSE schedule
• Recently, a 2-DOSE schedule has demonstrated an efficacy of about 98%, as well as herd immunity.

683. Protective immune response of live attenuated thermo-adapted peste des petits ruminants vaccine in goats.

• The developed vaccine was tested for its immunogenicity in goats and sheep by subcutaneous inoculation of 100 TCID50 (0.1 field DOSE), 10(3) TCID50 (one field DOSE) and 10(5) TCID50 (100 field DOSEs) of the attenuated virus along with controls as per OIE described protocols for PPR vaccine testing and were assessed for PPRV-specific antibodies 7-28 days post vaccination (dpv) by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization tests
• The attenuated vaccine did not induce any adverse reaction at high DOSE (10(5) TCID50) in goats and sheep and provided complete protection even at low DOSE (10(2) TCID50) in goats when challenged with virulent virus

684. An anti-H5N1 influenza virus FcDART antibody is a highly efficacious therapeutic agent and prophylactic against H5N1 influenza virus infection.

• To produce a therapeutic agent that is highly efficacious at low DOSEs and is broadly specific against antigenically drifted H5N1 influenza viruses, we developed two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and combined them into a single bispecific Fc fusion protein (the Fc dual-affinity retargeting [FcDART] molecule)
• In mice, a single therapeutic or prophylactic DOSE of either monoclonal antibody at 2.5 mg/kg of body weight provided 100% protection against challenge with A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) or the antigenically drifted strain A/Whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1)
• In ferrets, a single 1-mg/kg prophylactic DOSE provided 100% protection against A/Vietnam/1203/04 challenge
• FcDART was also effective, as a single 2.5-mg/kg therapeutic or prophylactic DOSE in mice provided 100% protection against A/Vietnam/1203/04 challenge
• While it was possible to generate escape mutants in vitro, they were neutralized by the antibodies in vivo, as mice infected with escape mutants were 100% protected after only a single therapeutic DOSE of the antibody used to generate the escape mutant in vitro
• In mice, these antibodies provided complete protection against a spectrum of H5N1 influenza viruses at a single low DOSE

685. Efficacy and immunogenicity of single-dose AdVAV intranasal anthrax vaccine compared to anthrax vaccine absorbed in an aerosolized spore rabbit challenge model.

• Three groups of 32 rabbits were vaccinated with a single intranasal DOSE of AdVAV (7.5 × 10(7), 1.5 × 10(9), or 3.5 × 10(10) viral particles)
• Three additional groups of 32 animals received two DOSEs of either intranasal AdVAV (3.5 × 10(10) viral particles) or intramuscular AVA (diluted 1:16 or 1:64) 28 days apart
• The placebo group of 16 rabbits received a single intranasal DOSE of AdVAV formulation buffer
• All animals were challenged via the inhalation route with a targeted DOSE of 200 times the 50% lethal DOSE (LD50) of aerosolized B
• Three of the four AdVAV DOSE cohorts tested, including two single-DOSE cohorts, achieved statistical noninferiority relative to the AVA comparator group, with survival rates between 97% and 100%

686. A native outer membrane vesicle vaccine confers protection against meningococcal colonization in human CEACAM1 transgenic mice.

• Animals were challenged intranasally two weeks after the third DOSE with wild-type strain H44/76, or were treated IP with anti-NOMV serum before and during the bacterial challenge

687. Dosing regimen of the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccination: a systematic review.

• We aimed to determine the optimal DOSE and timing of PPV23 booster in high-risk groups

688. Vaccine hesitancy among parents of adolescents and its association with vaccine uptake.

• At the time of the visit, vaccination coverage was 84% for Tdap, 73% for MCV, and 45% for any DOSE of HPV
• Forty-five percent of parents disagreed with the statement that "teens can get all of the vaccines that are due at a single visit." Two individual items were associated with not receiving a DOSE of HPV vaccine that was due

689. The risk of pneumococcal infections after immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to non-vaccinated inflammatory arthritis patients.

• All individuals in a cohort of 505 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or spondylarthropathy (SpA) receiving different anti-rheumatic treatments were immunized with a single DOSE of PCV7 (exposed group)

690. Dynamics of the cytotoxic T cell response to a model of acute viral infection.

• We report the first in-depth analysis of the dynamics of the CD8(+) T cell repertoire at the level of individual T cell clonal lineages upon vaccination of human volunteers with a single DOSE of YF-17D

691. Efficacy of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 (HPV-16/18) AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer in young women: final event-driven analysis of the randomized, double-blind PATRICIA trial.

• The total vaccinated cohort (TVC) included all randomized participants who received at least one vaccine DOSE (vaccine, n = 9,319; control, n = 9,325) at months 0, 1, and/or 6
• Mean follow-up was approximately 39 months after the first vaccine DOSE in each cohort

692. The case for conducting a randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of a single dose of prophylactic HPV vaccines among adolescents.

693. Preliminary study on the immunogenicity of a newly developed GCC Tdap vaccine and its protection efficacy against Bordetella pertussis in a murine intranasal challenge model.

• Active reduced DOSE tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination for adolescents and adults is necessary because waning immunity after primary diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination is related to the recent emergence of pertussis
• BALB/c mice were immunized with two DOSEs of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine for priming and a subsequent Tdap booster vaccination

694. Tetanus toxin fragment C fused to flagellin makes a potent mucosal vaccine.

• FlaB-TTFC recombinant protein induced strong tetanus-specific antibody responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments and prolonged the survival of mice after challenge with a supra-lethal DOSE of tetanus toxin

695. An adjuvanted, tetravalent dengue virus purified inactivated vaccine candidate induces long-lasting and protective antibody responses against dengue challenge in rhesus macaques.

• The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a candidate tetravalent dengue virus purified inactivated vaccine (TDENV PIV) formulated with alum or an Adjuvant System (AS01, AS03 tested at three different DOSE levels, or AS04) was evaluated in a 0, 1-month vaccination schedule in rhesus macaques
• One month after DOSE 2, all adjuvanted formulations elicited robust and persisting neutralizing antibody titers against all four dengue virus serotypes
• Most of the formulations tested prevented viremia after challenge, with the dengue serotype 1 and 2 virus strains administered at 40 and 32 weeks post-DOSE 2, respectively

696. Characterisation of a wild-type influenza (A/H1N1) virus strain as an experimental challenge agent in humans.

• A DOSE-ascending open-label clinical study was conducted in 29 healthy young adults screened sero-negative to the challenge strain
• Subjects were intranasally inoculated with three increasing DOSEs of virus and physician-reported signs, subjected-reported symptoms, viral shedding and immunological responses were monitored
• A DOSE-dependent increase in clinical signs and symptoms was observed with 75% of subjects developing laboratory-confirmed illness at the highest inoculum (3.5 × 10(6) TCID50)
• At the highest DOSE, physician or subject-reported signs of infection were classified as mild (all subjects), moderate (50%) and severe (16%) with peak symptoms recorded four days after infection

697. Next generation vaccines: single-dose encapsulated vaccines for improved global immunisation coverage and efficacy.

• Vaccination coverage improvement through a single-DOSE prime-boost technology would revolutionise modern vaccinology, impacting on disease prevalence, significantly benefiting health care and lowering economic burden of disease
• Over the past 30 years, there have been efforts to develop a single-DOSE delayed release vaccine technology that could replace the repeated prime-boost immunisations required for many current vaccines
• Despite many studies showing the feasibility of vaccine encapsulation for single-DOSE prime-boost administration, none have been translated into convincing utility in animal models or human trials
• This review provides an overview of single-DOSE vaccination in the context of today's vaccine needs and is derived from a body of literature that has not been reviewed for over a decade.

698. Hepatitis B and C seroprevalence among health care workers in a tertiary hospital in Rwanda.

• Of the 17 participants (4.5%; 17/378) who reported having received the HBV vaccine, only 3 participants (0.8%) had received the three-DOSE vaccination course

699. Randomized trial of vaccination in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis.

• To evaluate immune responses in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) against influenza vaccine (to test for responses against anticipated novel antigens in seronegative patients) and recall (tetanus toxoid [TT] booster DOSE) antigens
• At week 6, patients received seasonal influenza vaccine (containing antigens of California, Perth, and Brisbane virus strains) and TT booster DOSE

700. Surrogates of protection in repeated low-dose challenge experiments.

• Historically, these studies have usually entailed challenges (i.e., exposures) with very high DOSEs of a simian version of human immunodeficiency virus, resulting in infection of all NHPs in the experiment after a single challenge
• More recently, researchers have begun to conduct repeated low-DOSE challenge (RLC) studies in NHPs that are believed to more closely mimic typical exposure in natural human transmission settings

701. Addition of histamine to subcutaneously injected Plasmodium berghei sporozoites increases the parasite liver load and could facilitate whole-parasite vaccination.

• A DOSE-dependent relation between parasite liver load and histamine dosage was observed

702. Increased sample volume and use of quantitative reverse-transcription PCR can improve prediction of liver-to-blood inoculum size in controlled human malaria infection studies.

• A greater improvement would be expected in trials in which numerous subjects receive a lower LBI or low DOSE challenge

703. [Analysis of protective effect of using chickenpox live attenuated vaccine among 4-17 years old children in Minhang district, Shanghai].

• The risk of varicella incidence and the proportion of fever or typical varicella zoster were lower in the one DOSE of VarV vaccinated; Effective protective effect was consistent in the children with domestic or imported VarV vaccination.

704. [Antibody persistence following booster vaccination with three doses of hepatitis B vaccines among low-response adults in Zhangqiu county of Shandong province: 24-month of follow-up from 2009].

• To assess the 24-month efficacy after booster vaccination with 3 DOSEs of hepatitis B vaccine among low-response adults in Zhangqiu county of Shandong province
• These groups were revaccinated with 3-DOSE of above-mentioned four kinds of HepB respectively
• Blood samples were drawn from 1 month (T1) and 24 month (T24) after the 3 DOSE revaccination, respectively
• A total of 718 low-response subjects were collected blood samples after T1 and T24 following 3 DOSEs of booster vaccination
• Protective antibody following booster vaccination with three DOSEs of hepatitis B vaccines among low-response adults after 2 years fade faster

705. Assessing the risk of measles resurgence in a highly vaccinated population: Belgium anno 2013.

• Despite long-standing two-DOSE measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination, measles outbreaks still occur in highly vaccinated European populations

706. A nonhuman primate scrub typhus model: protective immune responses induced by pKarp47 DNA vaccination in cynomolgus macaques.

• This study demonstrates a vaccine-induced immune response capable of conferring sterile immunity against high-DOSE homologous ID challenge of O

707. Evaluation and histological examination of a Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis small animal infection model.

• Abortions ranged from 0% to 100% and re-isolation of causative bacteria from sampled sites varied with strain, DOSE of bacteria and time to abortion

708. Intussusception risk after RotaTeq vaccination: evaluation from worldwide spontaneous reporting data using a self-controlled case series approach.

• A total of 502 cases occurring 0-30 days after a vaccine DOSE were studied, including 188 cases after the first DOSE, 190 cases after the second DOSE, and 124 cases after the third DOSE
• The incidence risk ratio relative to the control period was highest for the 3- to 7-day period and equal to 3.45 (95% CI 1.84-6.55), 1.63 (0.86-3.13) and 1.73 (0.86-3.51) after the first, second and third DOSE, respectively
• Rotavirus vaccination with RV5 increases the risk of intussusception 3-7 days following vaccination, mainly after the first DOSE and marginally after the second and third DOSEs

709. Effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccine in a routine immunization program: a multicenter, case-control study in Japan.

• DTaP vaccination of ≥1 DOSE revealed a significantly lower OR for pertussis (OR=0.20, 95%CI, 0.04-0.97), and the OR of complete vaccination (4 DOSEs) was 0.22 (0.04-1.05)
• The decreasing ORs of 4-DOSE vaccinees remained, even among subjects who had received the fourth DOSE ≥9.2 years earlier (OR=0.11, 95%CI, 0.01-1.02)
• Effectiveness was observed even 9 or more years after the final DOSE.

710. Intranasal immunization with an adenovirus vaccine protects guinea pigs from Ebola virus transmission by infected animals.

• Experimental Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccines have previously been shown to protect animals against a high DOSE intramuscular (IM) challenge, which is seen as a stringent challenge model

711. Antibody to reduction modifiable protein increases the bacterial burden and the duration of gonococcal infection in a mouse model.

• Here we show that anti-Rmp Abs block the efficacy of mAb 2C7 in mice in a DOSE-dependent manner

712. HIV viraemia during hepatitis B vaccination shortens the duration of protective antibody levels.

• We included in the study participants who had no history of prior HBV infection, who had received all HBV vaccine DOSEs after HIV diagnosis, and who had demonstrated an initial vaccine response, defined as HBsAb ≥ 10 IU/L
• Responders were retrospectively followed with serial HBV serology from the time of the last vaccine DOSE until the development of waning (HBsAb < 10 IU/L) or the last HBsAb measurement
• Other factors including age, number of vaccine DOSEs, CD4 count, and receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were not significantly associated with risk of waning HBsAb

713. Glassy-state stabilization of a dominant negative inhibitor anthrax vaccine containing aluminum hydroxide and glycopyranoside lipid A adjuvants.

• Vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide and GLA elicited higher immune responses than vaccines adjuvanted with only aluminum hydroxide, with more mice responding to a single DOSE.

714. The effect of 5-amino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid hydrazide on lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune response in SRBC-immunized mice.

715. Early exposure to the combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and thimerosal-containing vaccines and risk of autism spectrum disorder.

• No convincing evidence was found in this study that MMR vaccination and increasing thimerosal DOSE were associated with an increased risk of ASD onset.

716. Duration of pertussis immunity after DTaP immunization: a meta-analysis.

• We sought to evaluate and compare the duration of protective immunity conferred by a childhood immunization series with 3 or 5 DOSEs of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP)
• Included studies contained a measure of long-term immunity to pertussis after 3 or 5 DOSEs of DTaP
• We assessed study quality and used meta-regression models to evaluate the relationship between the odds of pertussis and time since last DOSE of DTaP and to estimate the probability of vaccine failure through time
• We found no significant difference between the annual odds of pertussis for the 3- versus 5-DOSE DTaP regimens
• For every additional year after the last DOSE of DTaP, the odds of pertussis increased by 1.33 times (95% confidence interval: 1.23-1.43)
• Assuming 85% vaccine efficacy, we estimated that 10% of children vaccinated with DTaP would be immune to pertussis 8.5 years after the last DOSE

717. Bolstering Components of the Immune Response Compromised by Prior Exposure to Adenovirus: Guided Formulation Development for a Nasal Ebola Vaccine.

• An amphiphilic polymer (F16, FW ∼39,000) significantly improved transgene expression in the presence of anti-Ad neutralizing antibodies (NAB) at concentrations of 5 times the 50% neutralizing DOSE (ND50)

718. Lipid-based mRNA vaccine delivery systems.

• Although immune responses are generated by naked mRNAs, their formulations with chemical carriers are expected to provide more specificity and internalization in dendritic cells (DCs) for better immune responses and DOSE reduction
• The selective delivery of mRNA LBFs to favor intracellular accumulation in DCs and reduction of the effective DOSEs is discussed, notably to decorate LBFs with carbohydrates or glycomimetics allowing endocytosis in DCs

719. Pharmacokinetic correlates of the effects of a heroin vaccine on heroin self-administration in rats.

• Vaccination also decreased HSA at low heroin unit DOSEs but produced a compensatory increase in heroin self-administration at high unit DOSEs
• Vaccination shifted the heroin DOSE-response curve to the right, indicating reduced heroin potency, and behavioral economic demand curve analysis further confirmed this effect

720. Flagellin as carrier and adjuvant in cocaine vaccine development.

• The resulting conjugates exhibited DOSE-dependent stimulation of anti-GNE antibody production

721. Protective immune response to liposome adjuvanted high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in Indian cattle.

• A single DOSE of VacciMax-A formulation elicited higher percentage protection (63%) in VacciMax-A compared to 25% in VacciMax-B upon challenge at one-year post-vaccination

722. Randomized Trial of Periodic Presumptive Treatment With High-Dose Intravaginal Metronidazole and Miconazole to Prevent Vaginal Infections in HIV-negative Women.

723. Animal models of tuberculosis: Guinea pigs.

• Demonstration of the protective efficacy of vaccines in the low-DOSE aerosol guinea pig model is an important component of the preclinical data package for novel vaccines in development, and there is a continual need to improve the model to facilitate progression of vaccines to the clinic

724. Vaccine effectiveness and risk factors associated with measles among children presenting to the hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan.

• Vaccine effectiveness for single DOSE was found to be 87.4 (95% CI: 76.1 - 93.4), while for two DOSEs it was approximately 93% (95% CI: 86.2 - 96.6)

725. A phase Ia study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of new malaria vaccine candidates ChAd63 CS administered alone and with MVA CS.

• With a priming ChAd63 CS DOSE of 5×109 vp responses peaked at a mean of 1947 SFC/million PBMC (median 1524) measured by ELIspot 7 days after the MVA boost and showed a mixed CD4+/CD8+ phenotype
• With a higher priming DOSE of ChAd63 CS DOSE 5×1010 vp T cell responses did not increase (mean 1659 SFC/million PBMC, median 1049)

726. Metastatic melanoma - a review of current and future treatment options.

• The National Comprehensive Cancer Network currently recommends ipilumumab, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and high-DOSE IL-2 as first line agents for Stage IV melanoma

727. Albumin and its application in drug delivery.

• To maintain the desired therapeutic effect patients are required to administer higher DOSEs more frequently, which is inconvenient and risks undesirable side effects
• Drug delivery technologies aim to minimise the number of administrations and DOSE-related toxicity while maximising therapeutic efficacy

728. Potency, efficacy, and antigenic mapping of H7 avian influenza virus vaccines against the 2012 H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from Mexico.

• Although vaccine DOSEs of 256 and 102 hemagglutinating units (HAU) per bird decreased morbidity and mortality significantly compared to sham vaccinates, a DOSE of 512 HAU per bird was required to prevent mortality and morbidity completely

729. Biodegradable poly-l-lactide based microparticles as controlled release delivery system for filarial vaccine candidate antigens.

• However, the problem associated with alum is it requires multiple DOSEs at specific time intervals to achieve the adequate level of immunity
• Currently the adjuvanticity of Poly-l-lactide microparticles as single DOSE immunization was explored to overcome multiple immunization and reported to be effective for several diseases
• The efficacy of single DOSE of PLA encapsulated proteins was investigated in comparison with single DOSE of alum or protein alone
• In mice, single DOSE of PLA encapsulated antigens such as TV and FEP elicited significantly high antibody titer of 50,000 and 64,000 respectively than single DOSE of alum adsorbed TV/FEP (6000/9000) and single DOSE of protein TV/FEP (3000/4000) alone
• Overall strong humoral and cellular responses were observed for PLA encapsulated antigens compared with single DOSE of alum adsorbed or protein alone.

730. Avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies following vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E in young children.

• We measured the avidity index (AI) of the anti-CS antibodies raised in subgroup of 5-17 month old children in Kenya who were vaccinated with three DOSEs of RTS,S/AS01E between March and August 2007
• We assessed their sera collected 1 month after the third DOSE of the vaccine, in March 2008 (range 4-10 months after the third vaccine), and at 12 months after the third vaccine DOSE
• The AI was higher in children with high malaria exposure, as measured using the weighted local prevalence of malaria, compared to those with low malaria exposure at 1 month post DOSE 3 (p = 0.035)

731. The challenge of changing the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine in Latin America: declaration of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE).

• The optimal proposed schedule consists of four IPV DOSEs (three DOSEs in the primary schedule plus a booster DOSE), whether IPV is combined or not with other indicated vaccines in the immunization program of the country

732. Commentary on "Optimal schedule of bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A meta-analysis of comparative studies." Zhu S, Tang Y, Li K, Shang Z, Jiang N, Nian X, Sun L, Niu Y, Department of Urology Tianjin Institute of Urology, 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, People's Republic of China.: BMC Cancer 2013; 13:332. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-332.

• To explore the necessity of maintenance, efficacy of low-DOSE and superiority of various combination therapies of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in treatment of superficial bladder cancer (BCa)
• Significantly better recurrence-free survivals (RFS) were observed respectively in patients who received BCG maintenance, standard-DOSE and BCG plus epirubicin therapy comparing to those received induction, low-DOSE and BCG alone
• All patients with superficial BCa should be encouraged to accept BCG maintenance therapy with standard-DOSE if well tolerated

733. Development of eczema vaccinatum in atopic mouse models and efficacy of MVA vaccination against lethal poxviral infection.

• Eighty three and 92% of mice vaccinated with a single DOSE of MVA i.m

734. Potential impact of vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis on Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States: results from a decision-analysis model.

• A two-DOSE adolescent vaccination campaign was assumed, with protective immunity starting at age 15 years and a base-case efficacy against gonorrhea of 20%
• At a cost of $75,000 per QALY gained, and incremental to the vaccine's effect on meningococcal disease, a price of $26.10 (95% CrI, $9.10-$57.20) per DOSE, incremental to the price of the meningococcal vaccine, would be justified from the societal perspective

735. Efficacy profile of a bivalent Staphylococcus aureus glycoconjugated vaccine in adults on hemodialysis: Phase III randomized study.

• In a previous study in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) hemodialysis patients, a single DOSE of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides (T5/T8) conjugated to nontoxic recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A investigational vaccine showed no efficacy against S
• Vaccine efficacy (VE) of 2 vaccine DOSEs was therefore evaluated
• aureus bacteremia was assessed between 3-35 weeks and 3-60 weeks post-DOSE-1
• aureus bacteremia was observed between vaccine and placebo groups between weeks 3-35 weeks post-DOSE 1 (VE -23%, 95%CI: -98;23, p = 0.39) or at 3-60 weeks post-DOSE-1 (VE -8%, 95%CI: -57;26, p = 0.70)
• These data do not show a protective effect of either 1 or 2 vaccine DOSEs against S

736. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a hepatitis B vaccination catch-up program among children in Shandong Province, China.

• Using a total of 5.53 million DOSEs of vaccines, the catch-up program could prevent 21,865 cases of symptomatic acute hepatitis B, 3,088 carrier states with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and 812 deaths due to HBV infection

737. Production and evaluation of a recombinant subunit vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype B using a 293E expression system.

• A frequency- and DOSE-dependent effect to immunization with BHc subunit vaccine was observed and the ELISA antibody titers correlated well with neutralizing antibody titers and protection

738. Immunogenicity assessment of HPV16/18 vaccine using the glutathione S-transferase L1 multiplex serology assay.

• We tested replicate serum samples from months 0/1/12 (i.e., after 0/1/3 DOSEs) by GST-L1 and 3 other commonly used serology assays, VLP-ELISA, SEAP-NA, and cLIA
• After 1 vaccine DOSE, seropositivity by GST-L1 was 40% each for HPV16 and HPV18, increasing to 100% and 98%, respectively, after 3 DOSEs
• Seropositivity after 3 DOSEs ranged from 32% to 69% for HPV types 31/33/45, for which partial vaccine efficacy is reported, though increases also occurred for types with no evidence for cross-protection (e.g., HPV77)
• GST-L1 correlated best after 3 DOSEs with VLP-ELISA (HPV16 and HPV18 each ρ = 0.72) and SEAP-NA (HPV16 ρ = 0.65, HPV18 ρ = 0.71) (all P < 0.001); correlation was lower with cLIA
• The GST-L1 is suitable for evaluating HPV16/18 vaccine immunogenicity after 3 vaccine DOSEs, although in contrast to other assays it may classify some samples as HPV16/18 seronegative
• The assay's utility is limited for lower antibody levels such as after receipt of 1 DOSE.

739. Truncated abrin A chain expressed in Escherichia coli: a promising vaccine candidate.

740. [Prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) infections in adults].

• Patients with asplenia.Recommendation for administration of the two different vaccines:Adults who have not been immunized previously against pneumococcal disease must be vaccinated with a DOSE of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine first
• Adults who have been immunized previously, but above 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one DOSE of conjugate vaccine at least one year later
• Adults who have been immunized previously, but under 65 years of age, with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine are recommended to get one DOSE of conjugate vaccine at least one year later
• After a minimal interval of two months one DOSE of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended if at least 5 years have elapsed since their previous PPSV23 DOSE

741. Modified thermoresponsive Poloxamer 407 and chitosan sol-gels as potential sustained-release vaccine delivery systems.

• Thermoresponsive, particle-loaded, Poloxamer 407 (P407)-Pluronic-R® (25R4) or chitosan-methyl cellulose (MC) formulations were developed as single-DOSE, sustained release vaccines

742. Timing of bacterial carriage sampling in vaccine trials: a modelling study.

• Simulations using multiple vaccine DOSEs were compared to empirical data
• In RCTs with shorter intervals between vaccine DOSEs it takes longer after the last DOSE until VE(acq.dur) approximates VE(acq.dur)

743. [An outbreak of mumps in a high school: Estimation of vaccine effectiveness. Zaragoza 2011].

744. Immunizing adult female mice with a TcpA-A2-CTB chimera provides a high level of protection for their pups in the infant mouse model of cholera.

• All pups from dams immunized with the TcpA-A2-CTB chimera or the TcpA+CTB mixture survived at both challenge DOSEs
• In contrast, no pups from dams immunized with TcpA+FliC or CTB alone survived at the 20 LD50 challenge DOSE, although the anti-TcpA or anti-CTB antibody level elicited by these immunizations was comparable to the corresponding antibody level achieved by immunization with TcpA-A2-CTB or TcpA+CTB

745. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among Puerto Rican mothers and daughters, 2010: a qualitative study.

• Yet vaccination uptake and completion of the 3-DOSE series remain low among Puerto Rican females

746. Nasal immunization of mice with AFCo1 or AFPL1 plus capsular polysaccharide Vi from Salmonella typhi induces cellular response and memory B and T cell responses.

• Mice immunized with 3 intranasal DOSEs exhibited high levels of PsVi-specific IgG (p<0.05), IgG2a and IgG2c subclasses
• Moreover, priming with 3 DOSEs followed by booster immunization with VaxTyVi(®) resulted in high levels of anti-Vi specific IgG, IgG subclasses and antibody avidity
• Long lived plasma cells in bone marrow, memory B cells and long-term memory T cells after booster DOSE were induced

747. The long-term efficacy of Chinese hamster ovary cell derived hepatitis B vaccine after being used for 14-16 years in Chinese rural communities.

• The children who were born between 1997 and 1999 and were vaccinated with three DOSEs of CHO-derived hepatitis B vaccine were eligible to participate in the study
• A booster DOSE seems not necessary

748. Canine zona pellucida glycoprotein-3: up-scaled production, immunization strategy and its outcome on fertility.

• Female FvB/J mice immunized with the varying DOSEs of recombinant TT-KK-ZP3 supplemented with alum/PetGel A as adjuvants following a three injection schedule, showed DOSE dependent increase in serum IgG titer
• To reduce the number of injections, two injection schedule using various DOSE combinations of TT-KK-ZP3 supplemented with alum revealed lower immunogenicity and contraceptive efficacy as compared to the three injection schedule

749. Considerations for developing an immunization strategy with enterovirus 71 vaccine.

• An immunization strategy for EV71 vaccine should consider several factors, including the target population age group, the number of DOSEs for primary immunization, the need for a booster DOSE, concomitant administration of other vaccines, economic value, program capacity and logistics, and public acceptance

750. Febrile seizures following measles and varicella vaccines in young children in Australia.

• This study aimed to examine the vaccine-attributable risk of FS following separate administration of MMR and monovalent varicella vaccines (VV) prior to a planned change to MMRV as the second DOSE of measles-containing vaccine at 18 months of age
• The relative incidence (RI) of FS following MMR DOSE 1 (MMR1) and VV in children aged 11-23 months was determined using the self-controlled case series (SCCS) method and used to calculate attributable risk
• The estimated excess annual number of FS post MMR1 was 24 per 100,000 vaccinated children aged 11-23 months (95% CI=7-49 cases per 100,000) or 1 per 4167 DOSEs
• This provides baseline data to assess the risk of FS post MMRV, introduced in Australia as the second DOSE of measles-containing vaccine at 18 months of age in July 2013.

751. Expected cost effectiveness of high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine in US seniors.

• Options include trivalent and quadrivalent standard-DOSE inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV3 and IIV4 respectively), as well as a high-DOSE IIV3 (HD)

752. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and immune modulatory activities of soyasaponin Ab: an in vitro and in vivo study.

• Soyasaponin Ab was proved able to promote releases of inflammatory cytokines like TNFα and IL-1β in a DOSE-dependent manner

753. Association between process quality measures for heart failure and mortality among US veterans.

• Stratified analyses by various mortality risk subgroups did not reveal discernable "DOSE-response" relationship between mortality risk stratification and the association of care process and mortality

754. Small Animal Models for Human Metapneumovirus: Cotton Rat is More Permissive than Hamster and Mouse.

• It was found that BALB/c mice are not permissive for hMPV infection despite the use of a high DOSE (6.5 log10 PFU) of virus for intranasal inoculation
• In cotton rats, hMPV replicated efficiently in both nasal turbinate and lung when intranasally administered with three different DOSEs (4, 5, and 6 log10 PFU) of hMPV

755. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of killed Leishmania donovani antigen along with different adjuvants against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.

• Animals were immunized subcutaneously thrice at an interval of 2 weeks with a final volume of 100 μl per DOSE

756. Protecting people against leprosy: chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis.

• A randomized controlled trial with chemoprophylaxis for contacts of leprosy patients using a single DOSE of rifampicin (SDR) has shown an overall protective effect of approximately 60%, effective in the first 2 years after the intervention

757. Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector Ebola Vaccine.

• Methods We conducted a phase 1, DOSE-escalation, open-label trial of cAd3-EBO
• Twenty healthy adults, in sequentially enrolled groups of 10 each, received vaccination intramuscularly in DOSEs of 2×10(10) particle units or 2×10(11) particle units
• Results In this small study, no safety concerns were identified; however, transient fever developed within 1 day after vaccination in two participants who had received the 2×10(11) particle-unit DOSE
• Glycoprotein-specific antibodies were induced in all 20 participants; the titers were of greater magnitude in the group that received the 2×10(11) particle-unit DOSE than in the group that received the 2×10(10) particle-unit DOSE (geometric mean titer against the Zaire antigen at week 4, 2037 vs
• Glycoprotein-specific T-cell responses were more frequent among those who received the 2×10(11) particle-unit DOSE than among those who received the 2×10(10) particle-unit DOSE, with a CD4 response in 10 of 10 participants versus 3 of 10 participants (P=0.004) and a CD8 response in 7 of 10 participants versus 2 of 10 participants (P=0.07) at week 4
• Assessment of the durability of the antibody response showed that titers remained high at week 48, with the highest titers in those who received the 2×10(11) particle-unit DOSE
• Conclusions Reactogenicity and immune responses to cAd3-EBO vaccine were DOSE-dependent
• At the 2×10(11) particle-unit DOSE, glycoprotein Zaire-specific antibody responses were in the range reported to be associated with vaccine-induced protective immunity in challenge studies involving nonhuman primates, and responses were sustained to week 48

758. Analysis by rotavirus gene 6 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of rotavirus-positive gastroenteritis cases observed during the vaccination phase of the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST).

• During the vaccination phase of the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST), the period between the administration of DOSE 1 through 13 days after the administration of DOSE 3, there were more wild-type rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) cases among vaccine recipients compared with placebo recipients using the protocol-specified microbiological plaque assay in the clinical-efficacy cohort, a subset of subjects where vaccine efficacy against RVGE of any severity was assessed

759. A few years later. Update of the cost-effectiveness of infant pneumococcal vaccination in Dutch children.

• In 12 scenarios, we explored the impact of different assumptions on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of PCV13 over PCV10.Taking only direct effects on invasive pneumococcal disease into account, PCV13 was not found to be cost-effective at a price difference of €11 per DOSE
• PCV13 was considered dominant in the primary scenario with a price difference below €2.63 per DOSE.

760. Efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical infection in young Japanese women.

• During the 4-year period, protection against CIN1+ and CIN2+, irrespective of the HPV type, was 56.7% (32.8-72.6) and 54.9% (20.5-75.3) in women receiving ≥1 vaccine DOSE, regardless of baseline serostatus (total vaccinated cohort [TVC]) and 61.0% (11.8-84.2) and 73.9% (1.1-95.3) in women naïve to HPV infection at baseline (TVC-naïve), respectively

761. Immunoprotectivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis virulence protein, InvH, against Salmonella typhi.

• The immunization induced protection against high DOSEs of S
• The bacterial challenge with sera showed significant protection against challenge DOSE of 2×10(9) CFU

762. Immunization for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in high-risk children.

• A single DOSE of PCV13 should be administered to certain children in this age group who are at elevated risk of IPD

763. Reduced dose of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin versus full dose of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection bladder tumor: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

• However, the optimal DOSE of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains controversial
• The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of full DOSE (FD) with the reduced DOSE (RD) of BCG
• Five RCTs that included a total of 1 473 patients (727 in the reduced DOSE group vs 746 in the full DOSE group), with a median follow-up period from 33.5 month to 7.1 year
• In the RD group 41 of 655 (6.3%) patients and 56 of 663 (8.7%) patients in the FD group did not complete the treatment due to systemic or local side effects (RR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.51-1.10; P = 0.14) CONCLUSIONS: In general, the results of our study demonstrate a trend towards a reduction of the toxicity in reduced DOSE group without affecting the efficacy of treatment when compared with full DOSE
• More trials with large sample size are still necessary to explore the prognosis of the patients with high risk of tumor in different DOSE group.

764. Validation of the wild-type influenza A human challenge model H1N1pdMIST: an A(H1N1)pdm09 dose-finding investigational new drug study.

• This DOSE-finding study will lead to further development of this model both for A(H1N1)pdm09 and other strains of influenza
• Escalating DOSEs were given until a DOSE was reached that produced disease in a minimum of 60% of volunteers
• An optimal DOSE of 10(7) tissue culture infectious DOSE 50 was reached that caused mild to moderate influenza disease in 69% of individuals with mean viral shedding for 4-5 days and significant rises in convalescent influenza antibody titers